Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Editorial
. 2021 Jan 20;13(2):74.
doi: 10.3390/toxins13020074.

Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Pathogenic Bacteria

Juan C Alonso  1
Affiliations
Editorial

Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Pathogenic Bacteria

Juan C Alonso. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, which are ubiquitously present in plasmids, bacterial and archaeal genomes, are classified as types I to VI, according to the nature of the antitoxin and to the mode of toxin inhibition [...].

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

    1. Yamaguchi Y., Inouye M. Regulation of Growth and Death in Escherichia coli by Toxin-Antitoxin Systems. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2011;9:779–790. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2651. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Gerdes K., Maisonneuve E. Bacterial Persistence and Toxin-Antitoxin Loci. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2012;66:103–123. doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150159. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Page R., Peti W. Toxin-Antitoxin Systems in Bacterial Growth Arrest and Persistence. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2016;12:208–214. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.2044. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Diaz-Orejas R., Espinosa M., Yeo C.C. The Importance of the Expendable: Toxin-Antitoxin Genes in Plasmids and Chromosomes. Front. Microbiol. 2017;8:1479. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01479. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fraikin N., Goormaghtigh F., Van Melderen L. Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Evolution and Revolutions. J. Bacteriol. 2020;202 doi: 10.1128/JB.00763-19. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources