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. 2021 Jan 23;9(2):22.
doi: 10.3390/toxics9020022.

Impact of Acid-Base Status on Mortality in Patients with Acute Pesticide Poisoning

Hyo-Wook Gil  1 , Min Hong  2 , HwaMin Lee  2 , Nam-Jun Cho  1 , Eun-Young Lee  1 , Samel Park  1
Affiliations

Impact of Acid-Base Status on Mortality in Patients with Acute Pesticide Poisoning

Hyo-Wook Gil et al. Toxics. .

Abstract

We investigated clinical impacts of various acid-base approaches (physiologic, base excess (BE)-based, and physicochemical) on mortality in patients with acute pesticide intoxication and mutual intercorrelated effects using principal component analysis (PCA). This retrospective study included patients admitted from January 2015 to December 2019 because of pesticide intoxication. We compared parameters assessing the acid-base status between two groups, survivors and non-survivors. Associations between parameters and 30-days mortality were investigated. A total of 797 patients were analyzed. In non-survivors, pH, bicarbonate concentration (HCO3-), total concentration of carbon dioxide (tCO2), BE, and effective strong ion difference (SIDe) were lower and apparent strong ion difference (SIDa), strong ion gap (SIG), total concentration of weak acids, and corrected anion gap (corAG) were higher than in survivors. In the multivariable logistic analysis, BE, corAG, SIDa, and SIDe were associated with mortality. PCA identified four principal components related to mortality. SIDe, HCO3-, tCO2, BE, SIG, and corAG were loaded to principal component 1 (PC1), referred as total buffer bases to receive and handle generated acids. PC1 was an important factor in predicting mortality irrespective of the pesticide category. PC3, loaded mainly with pCO2, suggested respiratory components of the acid-base system. PC3 was associated with 30-days mortality, especially in organophosphate or carbamate poisoning. Our study showed that acid-base abnormalities were associated with mortality in patients with acute pesticide poisoning. We reduced these variables into four PCs, resembling the physicochemical approach, revealed that PCs representing total buffer bases and respiratory components played an important role in acute pesticide poisoning.

Keywords: acid-base imbalance; mortality; pesticides; poisoning; principal component analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow chart showing the inclusion and exclusion of patients in the study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Pearson’s correlation between each parameter assessing acid-base status.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Factor loadings after principal component analysis. The figures representing factor loading in Cartesian coordiates between PC1 and PC2 (A), PC1 and PC3 (B), PC1 and PC4 (C), PC2 and PC3 (D), PC2 and PC4 (E), and PC3 and PC4 (F).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Differences in principal components according to the pesticide category. (A) principal component 1, (B) principal component 2, (C) principal component 3, and (D) principal component 4. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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