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. 2021 Jan 22;13(3):348.
doi: 10.3390/polym13030348.

Carboxymethyl Bacterial Cellulose from Nata de Coco: Effects of NaOH

Pornchai Rachtanapun  1   2   3 , Pensak Jantrawut  2   4 , Warinporn Klunklin  1 , Kittisak Jantanasakulwong  1   2   3 , Yuthana Phimolsiripol  1   2   3 , Noppol Leksawasdi  1   2   3 , Phisit Seesuriyachan  1   2 , Thanongsak Chaiyaso  1   2 , Chayatip Insomphun  1   2 , Suphat Phongthai  1   2 , Sarana Rose Sommano  3   5 , Winita Punyodom  3   6 , Alissara Reungsang  7   8   9 , Thi Minh Phuong Ngo  10
Affiliations

Carboxymethyl Bacterial Cellulose from Nata de Coco: Effects of NaOH

Pornchai Rachtanapun et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose from nata de coco was prepared from the fermentation of coconut juice with Acetobacter xylinum for 10 days at room temperature under sterile conditions. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was transformed from the bacterial cellulose from the nata de coco by carboxymethylation using different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) in an isopropyl (IPA) medium. The effects of various NaOH concentrations on the degree of substitution (DS), chemical structure, viscosity, color, crystallinity, morphology and the thermal properties of carboxymethyl bacterial cellulose powder from nata de coco (CMCn) were evaluated. In the carboxymethylation process, the optimal condition resulted from NaOH amount of 30 g/100 mL, as this provided the highest DS value (0.92). The crystallinity of CMCn declined after synthesis but seemed to be the same in each condition. The mechanical properties (tensile strength and percentage of elongation at break), water vapor permeability (WVP) and morphology of CMCn films obtained from CMCn synthesis using different NaOH concentrations were investigated. The tensile strength of CMCn film synthesized with a NaOH concentration of 30 g/100 mL increased, however it declined when the amount of NaOH concentration was too high. This result correlated with the DS value. The highest percent elongation at break was obtained from CMCn films synthesized with 50 g/100 mL NaOH, whereas the elongation at break decreased when NaOH concentration increased to 60 g/100 mL.

Keywords: CMC; bacterial cellulose; biopolymer; carboxymethyl cellulose; nata de coco; sodium hydroxide.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of the amount of NaOH on the DS of CMCn. CMCn: carboxymethyl bacterial cellulose powder from nata de coco. DS: degree of substitution.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Percent yield of carboxymethyl cellulose from nata de coco synthesized with various NaOH concentrations (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g/100 mL). The different letter, e.g., ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ or ‘d’ are statistically different (p < 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of (a) bacterial cellulose from nata de coco and (b) CMCn synthesized with 30 g/100 mL NaOH.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of NaOH concentrations on the viscosity of bacterial cellulose and CMCn.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Differential scanning calorimetry of cellulose from nata de coco and CMCn synthesized with various amounts of NaOH.
Figure 6
Figure 6
X-ray diffractograms of cellulose from nata de coco and CMCn synthesized with various amounts of NaOH.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Scanning electron micrographs of (a) cellulose from nata de coco and CMCn powder: with (b) 20 g/100 mL NaOH, (c) 30 g/100 mL NaOH, (d) 40 g/100 mL NaOH, (e) 50 g/100 mL NaOH and (f) 60 g/100 mL NaOH.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Scanning electron micrographs of (a) cellulose from nata de coco and CMCn powder: with (b) 20 g/100 mL NaOH, (c) 30 g/100 mL NaOH, (d) 40 g/100 mL NaOH, (e) 50 g/100 mL NaOH and (f) 60 g/100 mL NaOH.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Effect of NaOH concentrations on the percentage of soluble matter of the CMCn films. The different letter, e.g., ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ or ‘d’ are statistically different (p < 0.05).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Effect of NaOH concentrations on the percentage of transmittance of the CMCn films. The different letter, e.g., ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ or ‘d’ are statistically different (p < 0.05).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Scanning electron micrographs of CMCn films: with (a) 20 g/100 mL NaOH, (b) 30 g/100 mL NaOH, (c) 40 g/100 mL NaOH, (d) 50 g/100 mL NaOH and (e) 60 g/100 mL NaOH.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Effect of NaOH concentration (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g/100 mL) on the water vapor permeability (WVP) of CMCn films. The different letter, e.g., ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ or ‘d’ are statistically different (p < 0.05).
Figure 12
Figure 12
Effect of various NaOH concentrations (0, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g/100 mL) on (a) tensile strength and (b) percent elongation at break of CMCn films. The different letter, e.g., ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ or ‘d’ are statistically different (p < 0.05).
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