Self-harm among in-school and street-connected adolescents in Ghana: a cross-sectional survey in the Greater Accra region

Abstract

Objectives: To identify the prevalence, methods, associations and reported reasons for self-harm among in-school and street-connected adolescents in Ghana.

Design: A cross-sectional survey. We applied multi-level regression models and model-based cluster analysis to the data.

Setting: Three contexts in the Greater Accra region were used: second cycle schools, facilities of charity organisations and street census enumeration areas (sleeping places of street-connected adolescents, street corners, quiet spots of restaurants, markets, train and bus stations, and lorry and car parks).

Participants: A regionally representative sample of 2107 (1723 in-school and 384 street-connected) adolescents aged 13-21 years.

Outcome measures: Participants responded to a structured self-report anonymous questionnaire describing their experience of self-harm and eliciting demographic information and social and personal adversities.

Results: The lifetime prevalence of self-harm was 20.2% (95% CI 19.0% to 22.0%), 12-month prevalence was 16.6% (95% CI 15.0% to 18.0%) and 1-month prevalence was 3.1% (95% CI 2.0% to 4.0%). Self-injury alone accounted for 54.5% episodes and self-poisoning alone for 16.2% episodes, with more than one method used in 26% of episodes. Self-cutting (38.7%) was the most common form of self-injury, whereas alcohol (39.2%) and medications (27.7%) were the most commonly reported means of self-poisoning. The factors associated with self-harm were interpersonal: conflict with parents (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.87, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.81), physical abuse victimisation (aOR=1.69, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.47), difficulty in making and keeping friends (aOR=1.24, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.80), sexual abuse victimisation (aOR=1.21, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.87) and conflict between parents (aOR=1.07, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.56).

Conclusions: Self-harm is a significant public health problem among in-school and street-connected adolescents in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Its origins are very largely in social and familial adversity, and therefore prevention and treatment measures need to be focused in these areas.

Keywords: child & adolescent psychiatry; non-accidental injury; public health; suicide & self-harm.

Figure 1

Summary of participant recruitment process for school-based questionnaire survey.

Figure 2

Summary of participant recruitment process for street-connected questionnaire survey.