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. 2021 Jan 20:13:23-32.
doi: 10.2147/OPTO.S289770. eCollection 2021.

Grading Sphero-Cylinder Spectacle Similarity

Robert W Arnold  1 , Joshua S Beveridge  1 , Samuel J Martin  1 , Nathanael R Beveridge  1 , Elise J Metzger  2 , Kyle A Smith  3
Affiliations

Grading Sphero-Cylinder Spectacle Similarity

Robert W Arnold et al. Clin Optom (Auckl). .

Abstract

Background: Portable autorefractors can estimate refractive error in remote locations, but sphero-cylinder comparison and donated-spectacle dispensing are not yet simple.

Methods: Normal astigmats determined best corrected acuity, then degraded 1 logMAR (Grade A), 3 logMAR (Grade B), and 6 logMAR (Grade C) to determine limits of astigmatism axis and power at these levels. The cylindrical refraction was vector transformed with J0 on the abscissa and J45 on the ordinate.

Results: Ten subjects produced multiple refractions at the interfaces of Grades A, B, and C representing ovals on the J0 and J45 coordinates. When rotated, the vertical axis represented 45° or 135°, the horizontal long axis was 1.6× the short axis. The size of the ovals positively correlated with cylinder power. Given a target refraction, the comparability of a candidate lens was demonstrated on our interactive database yielding a simple A, B, C, or worse grade for cylinder, spherical equivalent, and pupillary diameter.

Conclusions/relevance: Inputting a remote autorefraction, pupillary diameter and age as target and a donated spectacle as the candidate with a "B" grade similarity would be expected to attain 20/40 acuity (3 logMAR degrade) if best corrected visual acuity was 20/20. This practical Excel database could facilitate widespread remote lay dispensing of the cylinder as well as spherical spectacles. The grade similarity can also compare refracting tools such as photoscreeners and hand-held autorefractors.

Clinical trials registry: NCT04297969.

Keywords: donated recyled spectacles; forensic optometry; portable autorefraction; remote dispensing; vision screen validation.

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Conflict of interest statement

Drs. Arnold and Smith are board members of PDI Check that makes a vision screening game for the autostereoscopic Nintendo 3DS console with a PDI Check pending patent. Dr. Arnold is also President and a board member of Glacier Medical Software which markets cloud-based NICU monitoring software ROP Check. Dr. Arnold is a non-paid advisor for Adaptica, plusoptiX and Go Check Kids. Dr. Arnold is coordinator of the Alaska Blind Child Discovery which has received discounted vision screen technology from several vendors. Dr. Arnold is also an investigator and protocol developer for the NIH-supported Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (PEDIG). The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
J0 vs J45 vector transformed astigmatism A, B, and C matched degraded visual acuity. Example subjects with cyl 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.25 contact lens, 2.50, and 5.25 D. The lower graph shows an example spectacle with cylinder axis converted to 45° such that orientation of the concentric A-Grade, B-Grade, and C-Grade ovals have the long axis “a” oriented horizontally.
Figure 2
Figure 2
J0 vs J45 ovals and grades. Method to rotate target to 45° so horizontal and then generate oval boundaries (green A, blue B, and orange C to determine whether a candidate refraction, also rotated, is within a given visual acuity-derived Grade level comparison.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Linear relationship between A-match (green), B-match (blue), and C-match (orange) visual acuity degrades 1 logMAR, 3 logMAR, and 6 logMAR. Diameter of degrade limits versus cylinder power. The slope and intercept for derived long axis length versus cylinder (upper left graph) is related to Grade (upper right graphs). The slope and intercept (lower left) of over-minus spherical equivalent Grade is related to age (lower right).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Spherical equivalent match related to age and accommodation. Over plus produces similar distance blur at all ages while over minus is better tolerated by young patients. A-match (green), B-match (blue), and C-match (orange) visual acuity degrades 1 logMAR, 3 logMAR, and 6 logMAR.
None
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References

    1. Levitt AH, Martin SJ, Arnold RW. Performance of glow-fixation GCK and 2WIN photoscreeners and Retinomax to uncover hyperopia. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:2237–2244. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S256991 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kirk S, Armitage MD, Dunn S, Arnold RW. Calibration and validation of the 2WIN photoscreener compared to the plusoptiX S12 and the SPOT. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2014;51(5):1–4. - PubMed
    1. Arnold RW, Arnold AW. Refractive error in Myanmar. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(9):1642–1643. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.05.018 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Collins RS, Berg GE. Forensic application of optical correction. Optometry. 2008;79(4):203–207. - PubMed
    1. Arnold SL, Arnold AW, Sprano JH, Arnold RW. Performance of the 2WIN photoscreener with “CR” strabismus estimation in high risk patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;207:195–203. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.04.016 - DOI - PubMed

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