The Operative Treatment of Ankle Fractures: A 10-Year Retrospective Study of 1529 Patients

Abstract

Ankle fractures are the second most common fracture of the lower limb and account for nearly 10% of all fractures. They range from simple to complex injuries and approximately 40% require surgical intervention. The aim of our study was to provide an up-to-date reference of the epidemiology, fracture, and fixation characteristics of operatively treated ankle fractures. We also sought to determine the number of patients undergoing further surgery through revision, implant removal, or ankle fusion. A retrospective observational study was conducted of 1529 consecutive patients that underwent operative intervention for an unstable ankle fracture between 2007 and 2017. Fractures of the distal tibia and pilon injuries were excluded. The mean age of patients was 41.8 years with 50.7% male. Unimalleolar fixation was performed in 60.1%, while bimalleolar and trimalleolar fixation was performed in 31.2% and 5%, respectively. Isolated syndesmotic fixation was performed in 3.8%. A posterior malleolus fracture was present in 28.6%, of which 31.6% underwent fixation. A further procedure was performed in 234 (15.3%) patients. Revision open reduction internal fixation was required in 1.4% and 0.8% underwent future ankle fusion. Treatment of ankle fractures makes up a sizeable part of orthopedic trauma practice with more than 1 in 7 patients requiring a second procedure. More complex fractures were predominantly seen in older females, while patients who suffered trimalleolar fractures have an increased likelihood of requiring future ankle fusion or revision. Despite this the rate of ankle fusion was <1%.

Keywords: ankle; epidemiology; fractures; fusion; operative; revision.