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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Jan 29;1(1):CD013040.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013040.pub2.

Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease

Narelle S Cox  1   2 , Simone Dal Corso  3 , Henrik Hansen  4 , Christine F McDonald  1   5   6 , Catherine J Hill  1   7 , Paolo Zanaboni  8   9 , Jennifer A Alison  10   11 , Paul O'Halloran  12 , Heather Macdonald  13 , Anne E Holland  1   14   2
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease

Narelle S Cox et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Pulmonary rehabilitation is a proven, effective intervention for people with chronic respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease (ILD) and bronchiectasis. However, relatively few people attend or complete a program, due to factors including a lack of programs, issues associated with travel and transport, and other health issues. Traditionally, pulmonary rehabilitation is delivered in-person on an outpatient basis at a hospital or other healthcare facility (referred to as centre-based pulmonary rehabilitation). Newer, alternative modes of pulmonary rehabilitation delivery include home-based models and the use of telehealth. Telerehabilitation is the delivery of rehabilitation services at a distance, using information and communication technology. To date, there has not been a comprehensive assessment of the clinical efficacy or safety of telerehabilitation, or its ability to improve uptake and access to rehabilitation services, for people with chronic respiratory disease.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness and safety of telerehabilitation for people with chronic respiratory disease.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Airways Trials Register, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; six databases including MEDLINE and Embase; and three trials registries, up to 30 November 2020. We checked reference lists of all included studies for additional references, and handsearched relevant respiratory journals and meeting abstracts.

Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials of telerehabilitation for the delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation were eligible for inclusion. The telerehabilitation intervention was required to include exercise training, with at least 50% of the rehabilitation intervention being delivered by telerehabilitation.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methods recommended by Cochrane. We assessed the risk of bias for all studies, and used the ROBINS-I tool to assess bias in non-randomised controlled clinical trials. We assessed the certainty of evidence with GRADE. Comparisons were telerehabilitation compared to traditional in-person (centre-based) pulmonary rehabilitation, and telerehabilitation compared to no rehabilitation. We analysed studies of telerehabilitation for maintenance rehabilitation separately from trials of telerehabilitation for initial primary pulmonary rehabilitation.

Main results: We included a total of 15 studies (32 reports) with 1904 participants, using five different models of telerehabilitation. Almost all (99%) participants had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Three studies were controlled clinical trials. For primary pulmonary rehabilitation, there was probably little or no difference between telerehabilitation and in-person pulmonary rehabilitation for exercise capacity measured as 6-Minute Walking Distance (6MWD) (mean difference (MD) 0.06 metres (m), 95% confidence interval (CI) -10.82 m to 10.94 m; 556 participants; four studies; moderate-certainty evidence). There may also be little or no difference for quality of life measured with the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score (MD -1.26, 95% CI -3.97 to 1.45; 274 participants; two studies; low-certainty evidence), or for breathlessness on the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) dyspnoea domain score (MD 0.13, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.40; 426 participants; three studies; low-certainty evidence). Participants were more likely to complete a program of telerehabilitation, with a 93% completion rate (95% CI 90% to 96%), compared to a 70% completion rate for in-person rehabilitation. When compared to no rehabilitation control, trials of primary telerehabilitation may increase exercise capacity on 6MWD (MD 22.17 m, 95% CI -38.89 m to 83.23 m; 94 participants; two studies; low-certainty evidence) and may also increase 6MWD when delivered as maintenance rehabilitation (MD 78.1 m, 95% CI 49.6 m to 106.6 m; 209 participants; two studies; low-certainty evidence). No adverse effects of telerehabilitation were noted over and above any reported for in-person rehabilitation or no rehabilitation.

Authors' conclusions: This review suggests that primary pulmonary rehabilitation, or maintenance rehabilitation, delivered via telerehabilitation for people with chronic respiratory disease achieves outcomes similar to those of traditional centre-based pulmonary rehabilitation, with no safety issues identified. However, the certainty of the evidence provided by this review is limited by the small number of studies, of varying telerehabilitation models, with relatively few participants. Future research should consider the clinical effect of telerehabilitation for individuals with chronic respiratory diseases other than COPD, the duration of benefit of telerehabilitation beyond the period of the intervention, and the economic cost of telerehabilitation.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02269618 NCT02706613 NCT02667171 NCT01423227 NCT03432117 NCT00169897 NCT02618746 NCT00512837 NCT00563745 NCT00752531 NCT01724684 NCT01987544 NCT02085187 NCT03489642 NCT04284865 NCT04521608 NCT04533412 NCT04550741 NCT02258646 NCT02404831 NCT03443817 NCT03548181 NCT03569384 NCT03634553 NCT03914027 NCT03981783 NCT03997513.

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Conflict of interest statement

NSC: Dr Cox holds a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia Early Career Fellowship (GNT1119970). She presented workshops relating to pulmonary rehabilitation (including alternative models of delivery) at the 2018 National General Practitioners Meeting sponsored by Boeringher Ingelheim and monies were paid to her host institution. Dr Cox is an author on trials included in this review.

SDC: Professor Dal Corso was supported by funding from Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP SPRINT grant 17/50273‐4), Brazil.

HH: Dr Hansen has received a personal post doctoral grants from the Capital Region of Copenhagen (governmental funding), teaching fee from GSK (private company), The association of Danish Physiotherapist (NGO) and royalties from educational books chapters written for Munksgaard Denmark (publisher). He is an author on trials included in this review.

CFM: Professor McDonald has developed educational presentations sponsored by Menarini and Astra Zeneca with monies to her institution. She has also received in kind support from Air Liquide for a clinical trial of oxygen therapy. She has received competitive research funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) (GNT1101616) for a trial of telerehabilitation in COPD, and is an author on one of the trials included in this review. Professor McDonald is an author on trials included in this review.

CJH: none known

PZ: Dr Zanaboni holds a Research Council of Norway Project Grant (228919/H10) titled 'Long‐term integrated telerehabilitation of COPD patients: a multi centre randomised controlled trial'.

JAA: Professor Alison has received competitive research funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) (GNT1101616) for a trial of telerehabilitation in COPD, and is an author on one of the trials included in this review.

POH: Dr O'Halloran is an author on one of the trials included in this review.

HM: none known

AEH: Professor Holland has received competitive research funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) (GNT1101616) for a trial of telerehabilitation in COPD, and is an author on trials included in this review. The NHMRC supports the independent conduct and publication of this Cochrane Review.

Seven review authors (NSC, CFM, CJH, JAA, POH, HH, AEH) were co‐authors on at least one study included in this review. As such, at least one independent co‐author undertook data extraction and the assessment of risks of bias.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, outcome: 1.1 Outcome 1 Exercise capacity ‐ 6minute walk test distance at end intervention.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, outcome: 1.8 Outcome 3 Dyspnoea ‐ Change in CRQ Dyspnoea domain at end intervention.
6
6
In the control group 70 people out of 100 completed treatment over 6 to 12 weeks, compared to 93 (95% CI 80 to 96) out of 100 for the active treatment group.
7
7
Forest plot of comparison: 3 Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, outcome: 3.1 Outcome 1 Exercise capacity ‐ 6minute walk distance at end intervention.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 1: Outcome 1 Exercise capacity ‐ 6minute walk test distance at end intervention
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 2: Outcome 1 Exercise capacity ‐ Change in endurance shuttle walk test time (seconds) at end intervention
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 3: Outcome 1 Exercise capacity ‐ change in endurance cycle time at end intervention
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 4: Outcome 1 Exercise capacity ‐ Peak watts on CPET at end intervention
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 5: Outcome 1 Exercise capacity ‐ Change in 30 sec STS repetitions at end intervention
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 6: Outcome 1 Exercise Capacity ‐ Long term (>6months) change in 6MWD from baseline to end followup
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 7: Outcome 3 Dyspnoea ‐ MMRC at end intervention
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 8: Outcome 3 Dyspnoea ‐ Change in CRQ Dyspnoea domain at end intervention
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 9: Outcome 3 Dyspnoea ‐ Long term (>6 months) change in CRQ Dyspnoea score from baseline to end followup
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 10: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ SGRQ total score at end intervention
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 11: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in SGRQ symptom score at end intervention
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 12: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in SGRQ activity score at end intervention
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 13: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in SGRQ impact score at end intervention
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 14: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ CAT score at end intervention
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 15: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CRQ Dyspnoea domain at end intervention
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 16: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CRQ Fatigue domain at end intervention
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 17: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CRQ Emotion domain at end intervention
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 18: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CRQ Mastery domain at end intervention
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 19: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CCQ Function domain at end intervention
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 20: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CCQ Mental domain at end intervention
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 21: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CCQ Symptom domain at end intervention
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 22: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CCQ total score at end intervention
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 23: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in EQ‐5D‐VAS score at end intervention
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 24: Outcome 4 Quality of Life ‐ Long term (>6 months) change in CRQ Dyspnoea score from baseline to end followup
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 25: Outcome 4 Quality of Life ‐ Long term (>6 months) change in CRQ Fatigue score from baseline to end followup
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 26: Outcome 4 Quality of Life ‐ Long term (>6 months) change in CRQ Emotion score from baseline to end followup
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 27: Outcome 4 Quality of Life ‐ Long term (>6 months) change in CRQ Mastery score from baseline to end followup
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 28: Outcome 5 Completion of the intervention
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 29: Outcome 6 Anxiety/Depression ‐ Change in HADS Anxiety score at end intervention
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 30: Outcome 6 Anxiety/Depression ‐ Change in HADS Depression score at end intervention
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 31: Outcome 6 Anxiety/Depression ‐ Long term (>6 months) change in HADS Anxiety score from baseline to end followup
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 32: Outcome 6 Anxiety/Depression ‐ Long term (>6 months) change in HADS Depression score from baseline to end followup
1.33
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 33: Outcome 7 Physical activity ‐ Change in MVPA time (minutes/day) at end intervention
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 34: Outcome 7 Physical activity ‐ Sedentary time (minutes/day) at end intervention
1.35
1.35. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 35: Outcome 7 Physical activity ‐ Change in steps/day at end intervention
1.36
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 36: Outcome 7 Physical Activity ‐ Change in total daily Energy Expenditure (k/cal) at end intervention
1.37
1.37. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 37: Outcome 7 Physical activity ‐ Light physical activity time (minutes)/day at end intervention
1.38
1.38. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 38: Outcome 7 Physical Activity ‐ Lifestyle physical activity time (minutes)/day at end intervention
1.39
1.39. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 39: Outcome 7 Physical Activity ‐ Moderate physical activity time (minutes)/day at end intervention
1.40
1.40. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 40: Outcome 7 Physical activity ‐ Change in time active (minutes) at end intervention
1.41
1.41. Analysis
Comparison 1: Telerehabilitation vs Centre‐based (outpatient) pulmonary rehabilitation, Outcome 41: Outcome 8 Health care utilisation ‐ Respiratory related hospitalisation
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 1: Outcome 1 Exercise capacity ‐ 6minute walk distance at end intervention
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 2: Outcome 1 Exercise capacity ‐ Peak watts on CPET at end intervention
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 3: Outcome 1 Exercise capacity ‐ Change in ISWT distance at end intervention
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 4: Outcome 1 Exercise capacity ‐ Change in ESWT time at end of intervention
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 5: Outcome 3 Dyspnoea ‐ Change in CRQ Dyspnoea domain at end intervention
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 6: Outcome 3 Dyspnoea ‐ Change in exercise isotime breathlessness score at end intervention
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 7: Outcome 3 Dyspnoea ‐ MMRC at end intervention
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 8: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ SGRQ total score at end intervention
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 9: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ CAT score at end intervention
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 10: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CRQ total score at end intervention
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 11: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CRQ Dyspnoea domain at end intervention
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 12: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CRQ Fatigue domain at end intervention
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 13: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CRQ Emotion domain at end intervention
3.14
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 14: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in CRQ Mastery domain at end intervention
3.15
3.15. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 15: Outcome 4 Quality of life ‐ Change in MLHFQ at end intervention
3.16
3.16. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 16: Outcome 5 Anxiety/Depression ‐ Change in HADS Anxiety score at end intervention
3.17
3.17. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 17: Outcome 5 Anxiety/Depression ‐ Change in HADS Depression score at end interveniton
3.18
3.18. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 18: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Change in total Energy Expenditure (kcal)/day at end intervention
3.19
3.19. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 19: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Change in steps/day at end intervention
3.20
3.20. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 20: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Sedentary time (minutes)/day at end intervention
3.21
3.21. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 21: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Light physical activity time (minutes)/day at end intervention
3.22
3.22. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 22: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Lifestyle physical activity time (minutes)/day at end intervention
3.23
3.23. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 23: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Moderate intensity physical activity time (minutes)/day at end intervention
3.24
3.24. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 24: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Change in Vigorous physical activity time (minutes)/day at end intervention
3.25
3.25. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 25: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Change in Very Vigorous physical activity time (minutes)/day at end intervention
3.26
3.26. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 26: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Change in number sedentary bouts/day at end rehabilitation
3.27
3.27. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 27: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Change in time spent in sedentary bouts minutes/day at end rehabilitation
3.28
3.28. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 28: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Change in moderate‐vigorous physical activity time minutes/day at end rehabilitation
3.29
3.29. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 29: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Change in number of bouts moderate‐vigorous physical activity/day at end rehabilitation
3.30
3.30. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 30: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Change in time spent in moderate‐vigorous bouts, minutes/day at end rehabilitation
3.31
3.31. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 31: Outcome 6 Physical activity ‐ Change in metabolic equivalents (METs)/day at end rehabilitation
3.32
3.32. Analysis
Comparison 3: Telerehabilitation vs no rehabilitation control, Outcome 32: Outcome 7 ‐ Health care utilisation
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Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

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Hansen 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Holland 2017 {published and unpublished data}
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Knox 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Knox L, Dunning M, Davies C-A, Mills-Bennet R, Wyn Sion T, Phipps K, et al. Safety, feasibility, and effectiveness of virtual pulmonary rehabilitation in the real world. International Journal of COPD 2019;14:775-80. - PMC - PubMed
Kwon 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Kwon H, Lee S, Jung EJ, Kim SH, Lee J-K, Kim DK, et al. An mhealth management platform for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (efil breath): randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2018;6(8):e10502. - PMC - PubMed
Lahham 2020 {published data only}
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Maltais 2008 {published data only}IRSCTN32824512
    1. Maltais F, Bourbeau J, Shapiro S, Lacasse Y, Perrault H, Baltzan M, et al. Effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 2008;149(12):869-78. - PubMed
Stickland 2011 {published data only}
    1. Stickland MK, Jourdain T, Wong EYL, Rodgers WM, Jendzjowsky NG, MacDonald GF. Using Telehealth technology to delivery pulmonary rehabilitation to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Canadian Respiratory Journal 2011;18(4):216-20. - PMC - PubMed
Tabak 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tabak M, Brusse-Keizer M, Valk P, Hermens H, Vollenbroek-Hutten M. A telehealth program for self-management of COPD exacerbations and promotion of an active lifestyle: a pilot randomized controlled trial. International Journal of COPD 2014;9:935-44. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tabak M, Brusse-Keizer M, Ommeren C, Kotte H, Weltevreden P, Hermens H, et al. A telecare programme for self-management of COPD exacerbations and promotion of an active lifestyle. European Respiratory Journal 2013;A3036:P4911.
Tsai 2017 {published data only}
    1. Tsai L, Mcnamara R, Moddel C, Mckenzie D, Alison J, McKeough Z. Telerehabilitation improves exercise capacity and quality of life in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a randomised controlled trial. Respirology 2016;21 (Suppl 2):TP086. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12755] - DOI
    1. Tsai LLY, McNamara RJ, Moddel C, Alison JA, McKenzie DK, McKeough ZJ. Home-based telerehabilitation via real-time videoconferencing improves endurance exercise capacity in patients with COPD: The randomized controlled TeleR Study. Respirology 2017;22:699-707. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12966] - DOI - PubMed
Vasilopoulou 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kaltsakas G, Papaioannou AI, Vasilopoulou M, Spetsioti S, Gennimata SA, Palamidas AF, et al. Effectiveness of home maintenance telerehabilitation on COPD exacerbations. Thorax 2015;70 (Suppl 3):A56. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.104] - DOI
    1. Kaltsakas G, Papaioannou AI, Vasilopoulou M, Spetsioti S, Gennimata S-A, Palamidas AF, et al. Tele-monitoring intervention on COPD exacerbations. European Respiratory Journal 2016;48:OA3045. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.OA3045] - DOI
    1. Vasilopoulou M, Papaioannou AI, Chynkiamis N, Vasilogiannakopoulou T, Spetsioti S, Louvaris Z, et al. Effectiveness of home telerehabilitation on functional capacity and daily physical activity in COPD patients. European Respiratory Journal 2015;46:OA273. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress2015.OA273] - DOI
    1. Vasilopoulou M, Papaioannou AI, Kaltsakas G, Gennimata SA, Palamidas AF, Feridou C, et al. Evidence of benefit from home tele-rehabilitation on chronic dyspnea and quality of life in patients with COPD. European Respiratory Journal 2015;46 (Suppl 59):PA3721. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.PA3721] - DOI
    1. Vasilopoulou M, Papaioannou AI, Kaltsakas G, Louvaris Z, Chynkiamis N, Spetsioti S, et al. Home-based maintenance telerehabilitation reduces the risk for acute exacerbations of COPD, hospitalisation and emergency department visits. European Respiratory Journal 2017;49:1602129. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02129-2016] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ahmed 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ahmed S, Bartlett SJ, Ernst P, Lin C-J, Pare G, Perreault R, et al. My Asthma Portal: Preliminary results of a web-based self management intervention. American Journal of Critical Care and Respiratory Medicine 2011;183(1MeetingAbstracts):A5321.
Ahmed 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ahmed S, Ernst P, Bartlett SJ, Valois M-F, Zaihra T, Pare G, et al. The effectiveness of web-based asthma self-management system, My AsthmaPortal (MAP): a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2016;18(12):e313. - PMC - PubMed
Ancochea 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ancochea J, Garcia-Rio F, Vazquez-Espinosa E, Hernando-Sanz A, Lopez-Yepes L, Galera-Martinez R, et al. Efficacy and costs of telehealth for the management of COPD: the PROMETE II trial. European Respiratory Journal 2018;51:1800354. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00354-2018] - DOI - PubMed
Anonymous 2009 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Summaries for patients. Internet-based program to assist patients in asthma care. Annals of Internal Medicine 2009;151(2):I-42. - PubMed
Arbillaga‐Extarri 2018 {published data only}
    1. Arbillaga-Etxarri A, Gimeno-Santos E, Barberan-Garcia A, Balcells E, Benet M, Borrell E, et al. Long-term efficacy and effectiveness of a behavioural and community-based exercise intervention (Urban Training) to increase physical activity in patients with COPD: a randomised controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal 2018;52:1800063. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00063-2018] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Aymerich 2016 {published data only}
    1. Aymerich J, Puhan M, Jongh C, Demeyer H, Erzen D, Santos EG, et al. Responsiveness of PROactive instruments to measure physical activity inCOPD patients. European Respiratory Journal 2016;Suppl 60:PA1896.
Barnes 2016 {published data only}
    1. Barnes A, Newby C, Chaplin E, Houchen-Wolloff L, Singh S. Purposeful physical activity in COPD patients comparing standard and web-based pulmonary rehabilitation. European Respiratory Journal 2016;48:PA2056. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.PA2056] - DOI
Bender 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bender BG, Make BJ, Emmett A, Sharma S, Stempel D. Enhancing physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) through a program of patient selected goals. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2015;191:A2458.
Bhatt 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bhatt SP, Patel SB, Anderson EM, Baugh D, Givens T, Schumann C, et al. Video telehealth pulmonary rehabilitation intervention in COPD reduces 30-day readmissions. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2019;200(4):511-13. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201902-0314LE] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Broadbent 2018 {published data only}
    1. Broadbent E, Garrett J, Jepsen N, Li Ogilvie V, Ahn HS, Robinson H, et al. Using robots at home to support patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2018;20(2):e45. - PMC - PubMed
Burkow 2015 {published data only}
    1. Burkow TM, Vognild LK, Johnsen E, Risberg MJ, Bratvold A, Breivik E, et al. Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation in home-based online groups: a mixed method pilot study in COPD. BMC Research Notes 2015;8:776. [DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1713-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cameron‐Tucker 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cameron-Tucker H, Wood-Baker R, Joseph L, Walters J, Schutz N, Walters H. A randomized controlled trial of telephone health-mentoring including home-based walking (TELE-REHAB) before group rehabilitation versus usual care and subsequent group rehabilitation (Group-Rehab). Respirology 2014;19 (S2):59:TP010.
Cameron‐Tucker 2016 {published data only}
    1. Cameron-Tucker HL, Wood-Baker R, Joseph L, Walters JA, Schuz N, Walters EH. A randomized controlled trial of telephone-mentoring with home-based walking preceding rehabilitation in COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2016;11:1991-2000. [DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S109820] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Coultas 2014 {published data only}
    1. Coultas DB, Jackson BE, Russo R, Peoples J, Ashmore J, Sloan J, et al. Six month results of a behavioral self-management intervention to enhance lifestyle physical activity among patients with COPD. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2014;189:A3643.
Coultas 2018 {published data only}
    1. Coultas DB, Jackson BE, Russo R, Peoples J, Singh KP, Sloan J, et al. Home-based physical activity coaching, physical activity, and health care utilization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease self-management activation research trial secondary outcomes. Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2018;15(4):470-8. [DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201704-308OC] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Demeyer 2015 {published data only}
    1. Demeyer H, Louvaris Z, Tanner R, Rubio N, Frei A, De Jong C, et al. Increasing physical activity in patients with COPD using a telecoaching program: A multicenter RCT. European Respiratory Journal 2015;46(Suppl 59):OA278.
Demeyer 2017 {published data only}
    1. Demeyer H, Louvaris Z, Frei A, Rabinovich RA, Jong C, Gimeno-Santos E, et al. Physical activity is increased by a 12-week semi automated telecoaching programme in patients with COPD: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2017;72(5):415–23. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209026] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dinesen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dinesen B, Haesum LK, Soerensen N, Nielsen C, Grann O, Hejlesen O, et al. Using preventive home monitoring to reduce hospital admission rates and reduce costs: a case study of telehealth among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2012;18(4):221-5. [DOI: 10.1258/jtt.2012.110704] - DOI - PubMed
Feng 2018 {published data only}
    1. Li Y, Feng J, Jia W, Qian H. A new pulmonary rehabilitation maintenance strategy through home-visiting and phone contact in COPD. Patient Preference and Adherence 2018;12:97-104. - PMC - PubMed
Gaeckle 2016 {published data only}
    1. Gaeckle N, Ciccolella D, Criner A, Criner G. Participation in a telemedicine program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease improves daily symptoms. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2017;193:A1688.
Hamir 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hamir R, Simmonds LG, Pratley M, Stickland MK, Rodgers W, Wong EYL. A novel patient support system to further improve health-related quality of life through self-management after pulmonary rehabilitation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2010;181:A1215.
Hoaas 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hoaas H, Andreassen HK, Lien LA, Hjalmarsen A, Zanaboni P. Adherence and factors affecting satisfaction in long-term telerehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a mixed methods study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2016;16:26. [DOI: 10.1186/s12911-016-0264-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hornikx 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hornikx M, Demeyer H, Camillo CAM, Janssens W, Troosters T. The effects of physical activity coaching in patients with COPD after an acute exacerbation. European Respiratory Journal 2014;44(Suppl 58):1910.
Hornikx 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hornikx M, Demeyer H, Camillo CA, Janssens W, Troosters T. The effects of a physical activity counseling program after an exacerbation inpatients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2015;15:136. [DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0126-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Horton 2014 {published data only}
    1. Horton E, Mitchell K, Johnson-Warrington V, Apps L, Young H, Singh S. Results of the SPACE FOR COPD programme in comparison to pulmonary rehabilitation at 6 months. European Respiratory Journal 2014;44(Suppl58):4833.
Jackson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jackson BE, Coultas D, Russo R, Ashmore J, Sloan J, Uhm M, et al. Benefits of a lifestyle physical activity intervention for COPD are limited to patients with moderate impairment. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2015;191:A4448.
Jansen‐Kosterink 2011 {published data only}
    1. Jansen-Kosterink S, In 't Veld RH, Wever D, Hermens H, Vollenbroek-Hutten M. Evaluation of a web based home training program for COPD patients: a controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal 2011;38:3475.
Kaliaraju 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kaliaraju D, Man WDC, Nolan CM, Patel S, Barker RE. Unsupervised home-based versus supervised outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in COPD: a propensity-matched, non-inferiority analysis. European Respiratory Journal 2017;50:OA308. [DOI: 10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.OA308] - DOI
Liu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Liu WT, Wang CH, Lin HC, Lin SM, Lee KY, Lo YL, et al. Efficacy of a cell phone-based exercise programme for COPD. European Respiratory Journal 2008;32(3):651-9. - PubMed
Loeckx 2015 {published data only}
    1. Loeckx M, Louvaris Z, Tanner RJ, Yerramasu C, Buesching G, Frei A, et al. Compliance with a three month telecoaching program to enhance physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2015;191:A2007.
Loeckx 2016 {published data only}
    1. Loeckx M, Louvaris Z, Tanner R, Rubio N, Frej A, De Jong C, et al. Contact time between patients with COPD and coach during an activity telecoaching intervention: impact on the intervention effect. European Respiratory Journal 2016;48:OA4817. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.OA4817] - DOI
Martinez 2014 {published data only}
    1. Martinez CH, Moy ML, Nguyen HQ, Cohen M, Kadri R, Roman P, et al. Taking Healthy Steps: rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a randomized trial of a pedometer-based Internet-mediated walking program in veterans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2014;14:12. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-12] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Martinez 2014a {published data only}
    1. Martinez CH, Moy ML, Nguyen HQ, Cohen MD, Kadri R, Roman P, et al. Internet-mediated recruitment of rural veterans in a randomized controlled trial of a walking program for COPD. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2014;189:A5362.
Mazzoleni 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mazzoleni S, Montagnani G, Vagheggini G, Buono L, Moretti F, Dario P, et al. Interactive videogame as rehabilitation tool of patients with chronic respiratory diseases: preliminary results of a feasibility study. Respiratory Medicine 2014;108(10):1516-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.07.004] - DOI - PubMed
Mitchell 2013 {published data only}
    1. Mitchell KE, Warrington V, Sewell L, Bankart J, Williams JEA, Steiner M, et al. A randomised controlled trial of a self-management programme of activity coping and education - space for COPD: impact on physical activity at 6 weeks. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2013;187:A5952.
Moreau 2008 {published data only}
    1. Moreau L, Weitzenblum E, Lonsdorfer E, Laplaud D. Telemedicine usefulness in a home based rehabilitation program. European Respiratory Journal 2008;32 (Suppl 52):E2803.
Morso 2017 {published data only}
    1. Morsø L, Jensen MS, Plessen C, Qvist P. Rehabilitation of discharged patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—are new strategies needed? Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology 2017;4:1-6. [DOI: 10.1177/2333392816687704] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Moy 2014 {published data only}
    1. Moy ML, Collins R, Martinez CH, Kadri R, Roman P, Holleman RG, et al. An internet-mediated, pedometer-based walking program improves HRQL in veterans with COPD. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2014;189:A3642.
Moy 2015 {published data only}
    1. Moy ML, Collins RJ, Martinez CH, Kadri R, Roman P, Holleman RG, et al. An internet-mediated pedometer-based program improves health-related quality-of-life domains and daily step counts in COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2015;148(1):128-37. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-1466] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Moy 2015a {published data only}
    1. Moy ML, Collins RJ, Martinez CH, Kadri R, Roman P, Holleman RG, et al. An internet-mediated pedometer-based program improves health-related quality-of-life domains and daily step counts in COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2015;148(1):128-37. - PMC - PubMed
Moy 2015b {published data only}
    1. Moy ML, Martinez CH, Kadri R, Roman P, Holleman RG, Kim HM, et al. Long-term effects of an internet-mediated pedometer-based walking program in COPD: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2015;191:A2457.
Moy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Moy ML, Martinez CH, Kadri R, Roman P, Holleman RG, Kim HM, Net al. Long-term effects of an Internet-mediated pedometer-based walking program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2016;18(8):e215. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5622] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Napolitano 2002 {published data only}
    1. Napolitano MA, Babyak MA, Palmer S, Tapson V, Davis RD, Blumenthal JA. Investigational study of psychological intervention in recipients of lung transplant (INSPIRE) investigators. Effects of a telephone-based psychosocial intervention for patients awaiting lung transplantation. Chest 2002;122(4):1176-84. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.122.4.1176] - DOI - PubMed
NCT00512837 {published data only}
    1. NCT00512837. Mobile phone based structured intervention [A mobile phone based structured intervention to achieve asthma control in patients with uncontrolled persistent asthma: pragmatic randomised controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00512837 (first received 8 August 2007).
NCT00563745 {published data only}
    1. NCT00563745. Telemedicine for patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency [Randomised trial on telemedicine to save health care requests for patients with severe chronic respiratory failure]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00563745 (first received 26 November 2007).
NCT00752531 {published data only}
    1. NCT00752531. Effectiveness of home automated telemanagement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder [Evaluation of home automated telemanagement in COPD]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00752531 (first received 15 September 2008).
NCT01724684 {published data only}
    1. NCT01724684. Feasibility and effectiveness of telehealth in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Taiwan. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01724684 (first received 12 November 2012).
NCT01987544 {published data only}
    1. NCT01987544. Effects of ergometer training with telemonitoring in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) after exacerbation [German: Effekte eines telemonitorisch überwachten ergometertrainings bei patienten mit einer COPD nach exazerbation: eine prospektiv randomisierte studie]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01987544 (first received 19 November 2013).
NCT02085187 {published data only}
    1. NCT02085187. Early telemedicine training in patients with COPD [Early telemedicine training and counselling after hospitalization in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a feasibility study]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02085187 (first received 12 March 2014).
NCT03489642 {published data only}
    1. NCT03489642. Innovative pulmonary rehabilitation telehealth program for improving COPD patient outcomes. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03489642 (first received 5 April 2018).
Nguyen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen HQ, Gill DP, Wolpin S, Steele BG, Benditt JO. Pilot study of a cell phone-based exercise persistence intervention post-rehabilitation for COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2009;4:301-13. - PMC - PubMed
North 2018 {published data only}
    1. North M, Bourne S, Green B, Chauhan A, Brown T, Winter J, et al. A randomised controlled feasibility trial of an e-health platform supported care vs usual care after exacerbation of COPD. (Rescue COPD). Thorax 2018;73(Suppl 4):A231.
NTR3365 {published data only}
    1. NTR3365. Physical reconditioning in the home environment of patients with the help of a web-based exercise program [Teletreatment for chronic diseased patients; using a webbased exercise program and remote feedback and treatment of a therapist]. www.trialregister.nl/trial/3193 (first received 1 April 2012).
Nyberg 2019 {published data only}
    1. Nyberg A, Tistad M, Wadell K. Can the COPD web be used to promote self-management in patients with COPD in Swedish primary care: a controlled pragmatic pilot trial with 3 month- and 12 month follow-up. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2019;37(1):69-82. - PMC - PubMed
Reguera 2017 {published data only}
    1. Reguera BJ, Lopez EM, Martin ML, Monteagudo LJ, Gutierrez NG, Sanchez M, et al. Efficacy of an integrated internet community program after pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients: a pilot randomized control trial. European Respiratory J 2017;50 (Suppl 61):OA514.
Ries 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ries AL, Kaplan RM, Myers R, Prewitt LM. Maintenance after pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease: a randomized trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 167;6:880-8. - PubMed
Ringbaek 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ringbaek TJ, Lavesen M, Lange P. Tablet computers to support outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. European Clinical Respiratory Journal 2016;3:31016. [DOI: 10.3402/ecrj.v3.31016] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rosenbek 2015 {published data only}
    1. Rosenbek Minet L, Hansen LW, Pedersen CD, Titlestad IL, Christensen JK, Kidholm K, et al. Early telemedicine training and counselling after hospitalization in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a feasibility study. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2015;15:3. - PMC - PubMed
Segrelles 2012 {published data only}
    1. Segrelles G, Gomez-Suarez C, Zamora E, Gonzalez-Gamarra A, Gonzalez-Bejar M, Jordan A, et al. A home telehealth service for patients with severe COPD. The PROMETE study. European Respiratory Journal 2012;40 (Suppl 56):P633. - PubMed
Soriano 2018 {published data only}
    1. Soriano JB, Garcia-Rio F, Vazquez Espinosa E, Diaz De Atauri J, Lopez Yepes L, Galera Martinez R, et al. Efficacy and costs of telehealth for the management of COPD: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2018;97:A4546. - PubMed
Stenlund 2019 {published data only}
    1. Stenlund T, Nyberg A, Lundell S, Wadell K. Web-based support for self-management strategies versus usual care for people with COPD in primary healthcare: a protocol for a randomised, 12-month, parallel-group pragmatic trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(10):e030788. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030788] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tabak 2014a {published data only}
    1. Tabak M, op den Akker H, Hermens H. Motivational cues as real-time feedback for changing daily activity behavior of patients with COPD. Patient Education and Counseling 2014;94(3):372-8. - PubMed
Tabak 2014b {published data only}
    1. Tabak M, Vollenbroek-Hutten MM, Valk PD, Palen J, Hermens HJ. A telerehabilitation intervention for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: a randomized controlled pilot trial RTY - Journal articles. Clinical Rehabilitation 2014;28(6):582-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215513512495] - DOI - PubMed
Talboom‐Kamp 2019 {published data only}
    1. Talboom-Kamp EPWA, Holstege MS, Chavannes NH, Kasteleyn MJ. Effects of use of an eHealth platform e-Vita for COPD patients on disease specific quality of life domains. Respriatory Research 2019;20(1):146. - PMC - PubMed
Voncken‐Brewster 2015 {published data only}
    1. Voncken-Brewster V, Tange H, Vries H, Nagykaldi Z, Winkens B, Weijden T. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a web-based, computer-tailored self-management intervention for people with or at risk for COPD. International Journal of COPD 2015;10:1061-73. [DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S81295] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Vorrinck 2016 {published data only}
    1. Vorrink SNW, Kort HSM, Troosters T, Zanen P, Lammers J-WJ. Efficacy of an mHealth intervention to stimulate physical activity in COPD patients after pulmonary rehabilitation. European Respiratory Journal 2016;48(4):1019-29. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00083-2016] - DOI - PubMed
Wan 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wan ES, Kantorowski A, Teylan M, Kadri R, Richardson CR, Garshick E, et al. Patterns of change in daily step count among COPD patients enrolled in A 3-month physical activity intervention. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2017;195:A4939. [DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2017.C17] - DOI
Wootton 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wootton SL, Mckeough Z, Ng CL, Jenkins S, Hill K, Eastwood PR, et al. Effect on health-related quality of life of ongoing feedback during a 12-month maintenance walking programme in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Respirology 2017;1:60-7. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.13128] - DOI - PubMed
Yorke 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yorke J, Rochnia N, Humphrey J, Hardiker N, Woods M, Newey A. Rehabilitative electronic assistance for COPD in the home (REACH): a feasibility study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2012;185:A4872.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Benzo 2020 {published data only}
    1. Benzo R, Hoult JP, Kramer K, Ridgeway J, Novotny P, Lam N, Thomas BE, Benzo M, Seifert S. Randomized study of home-based rehabilitation with health coaching in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In: AJRCCM. Vol. 201. 2020:A2506.
Iturri 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Galdiz JB, Gomez A, Rodriguez D, Guell R, Cebollero P, Hueto J, Cejudo P, Ortega F, Sayago I, Chic S, Iscar M, Amado C, Rodriguez Trigo G, Cossio B, Bustamante V, Pijoan JI. Telerehabilitation Programme as a Maintenance Strategy for COPD Patients: a 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial. Archivos de Bronconeumologia 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.03.034] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Iturri JBG, Gomez A, Guell R, Cebollero P, Rodriguez D, Cejudo P, et al. A respiratory tele rehabilitation program as maintenance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal 2018;52(Suppl 62):PA2049.
    1. NCT03247933. TELEMEDICINE Maintenance of a respiratory rehabilitation program in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TELEREHAB) ["Clinical trial randomized, controlled, parallel-group and open about the use of"TELEMEDICINE"in the management of the maintenance of a respiratory rehabilitation program phase in patients with chronic respiratory diseases"].. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03247933 (first received 14 August 2015).
Jiang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Jiang Y, Liu F, Guo J, Sun P, Chen Z, Li J, Cai L, Zhao H, Gao P, Ding Z, Wu X. Evaluating an intervention program using wechat for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22(4):e17089. [DOI: 10.2196/17089] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jimenez‐Reguera 2020 {published data only}
    1. Jimenez-Reguera B, Maroto Lopez E, Fitch S, Juarros-Monteagudo L, Sanchez-Cortes M, Rodriguez-Hermosa JL, Calle-Rubio M, Hernandez-Criado MT, Lopez-Martin M, Angulo-Diaz Parreno S, Martin-Pintado-Zugasti A, Vilaro J. Development and preliminary evaluation of the effects of an mhealth web-based platform (happyairtm) on adherence to a maintenance program after pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD patients: randomized controlled trial. JMIR mhealth and uhealth 2020;8(7):e18465. [DOI: 10.2196/18465] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04479930. Effects of an mHealth Web-Based Platform (HappyAir) on Adherence to a Maintenance Program After Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04479930 2020. - PMC - PubMed
Leal 2019 {published data only}
    1. Leal L, Goncalves D, Azevedo J, Mazeika PV, Mendonca W, Reis F, Nascimento R, De Souza Y. Use of a simple telecoaching pulmonary rehabilitation protocol for COPD patients. In: European Respiratory Journal. Vol. 54 (Suppl 63). 2019:PA1260. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.PA1260] - DOI
Lowe 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lowe A, Garcia DO, Stern DA, Gerald LB, Bime C. Feasibility of a home-based exercise intervention with remote guidance for obese asthmatics.. In: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Vol. 197. 2018:A4843.
    1. Lowe AA, Garcia DO, Stern DA, Gerald LB, Bime C. Home-based exercise intervention versus remote asthma care guidance via telephone/text message in obese asthmatics: a pilot randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2018;197:A2715.
NCT04284865 {published data only}
    1. NCT04284865. Optimizing maintenance for patients with COPD via a web platform. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04284865 2020.
NCT04521608 {published data only}
    1. NCT04521608. Increasing Adherence to Pulmonary Rehabilitation After COPD Related Hospitalizations (Study 2). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04521608 2020.
NCT04533412 {published data only}
    1. NCT04533412. Comprehensive self-management support for COPD patients. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04533412 2020.
NCT04550741 {published data only}
    1. NCT04550741. Long-term maintenance benefits of a pulmonary rehabilitation program using a mobile digital solution: a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter study in a population of COPD patients. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04550741 2020.
UMIN000042022 {published data only}
    1. UMIN000042022. Effect of pulmonary tele-rehabilitation in patients with COPD. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000042022 2020.
Yuen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Yuen HK, Lowman JD, Oster RA, Andrade JA. Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a PILOT STUDY. Journal of cCardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 2019;39(4):281-284. [DOI: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000418] - DOI - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12619001122145 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12619001122145. Early home-based pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalisation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [The effect of early home-based pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalisation on hospital readmission in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)]. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=377702 (first received 1 July 2019).
ChiCTR1900021320 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1900021320. The effect of remoted-monitor pulmonary rehabilitation in family for stable COPD patients: a randomized controlled trial. www.chictr.org.cn/historyversionpuben.aspx?regno=ChiCTR1900021320 (first received 18 July 2019).
Cox 2018 {published data only}
    1. Cox NS, McDonald CF, Alison JA, Mahal A, Wootton R, Hill CJ, et al. Telerehabilitation versus traditional centre-based pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic respiratory disease: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2018;18(7):1-9. - PMC - PubMed
NCT02258646 {published data only}
    1. NCT02258646. Long-Term Integrated Telerehabilitation of COPD Patients. A Multi-Center Trial. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02258646 First posted 7 October 2014.
    1. Zanaboni P, Dinesen B, Hjalmarsen A, Hoaas H, Holland AE, Oliveira CC, et al. Long-term integrated telerehabilitation of COPD Patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial (iTrain). BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2016;16(1):126. [DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0288-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
NCT02404831 {published data only}
    1. NCT02404831. An evaluation of web based pulmonary rehabilitation (webbasedPR) [An evaluation of web based pulmonary rehabilitation- pilot study]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02404831 (first received 1 April 2015).
NCT03007485 {published data only}NCT03007485
    1. Hajizadeh N, Polo J, Ordonez K, Williams M, Tsang D, Zhang M, Lesser M, Basile M, Pekmezaris R. Referral to telehealth delivered pulmonary rehabilitation (TelePR) versus standard pulmonary rehabilitation (SPR) in hispanic and african patients hospitalized for COPD Exacerbations: results of a randomized controlled trial. In: AJRCCM. Vol. 201. 2020:A6127.
    1. NCT03007485. A comprehensive disease management program to improve quality of life in disparity Hispanic and African-American patients admitted with exacerbation of chronic pulmonary diseases. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03007485 (First received 2 January 2017).
    1. Pekmezaris R, Kozikowski A, Pascarelli B, Wolf-Klein G, Boye-Codjoe E, Jacome S, Madera D, Tsang D, Guerrero B, Medina R, Polo J, Williams M, Hajizadeh N. A telehealth-delivered pulmonary rehabilitation intervention in underserved hispanic and african american patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a community-based participatory research approach. JMIR Formative Research 2020;4(1):e13197. [DOI: 10.2196/13197] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
NCT03089853 {published data only}NCT03089853
    1. NCT03089853. Smart telehealth exercise intervention to reduce COPD readmissions. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03089853 (First received 24 March 2017).
NCT03443817 {published data only}
    1. NCT03443817. Feasibility and effect of a follow up tele-rehabilitation program for chronic obstructive lung disease vs. standard follow up (2-TELEKOL) [Feasibility and effect of a follow up tele-rehabilitation program for chronic obstructive lung disease vs. standard follow up]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03443817 (first received 23 February 2018).
NCT03548181 {published data only}
    1. De Las Heras JC, Hilberg O, Lokke A, Bendstrup E. Tele-rehabilitation program in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In: European Respiratory Journal. Vol. 54. 2019.
    1. NCT03548181. Feasibility & effect of a tele-rehabilitation program in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (3-IPF) [Feasibility & effect of a tele-rehabilitation program in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03548181 (first received 7 June 2018).
NCT03569384 {published data only}
    1. NCT03569384. Feasibility & effect of a tele-rehabilitation program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vs. standard rehabilitation (TELEKOL-1) [Feasibility & effect of a tele-rehabilitation program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vs. standard rehabilitation]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03569384 (first received 26 June 2018).
NCT03634553 {published data only}
    1. NCT03634553. Evidence based training and physical activity with an e-health program [Evidence based training and physical activity with an e-health program - a new method for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to become more physically active]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03634553 (first received 16 August 2018).
NCT03914027 {published data only}
    1. NCT03914027. Feasibility & effect of a tele-rehabilitation program in pulmonary sarcoidosis pulmonary sarcoidosis (TeleSarco) [Feasibility & effect of a tele-rehabilitation program in pulmonary sarcoidosis]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03914027 (first received 12 April 2019).
NCT03981783 {published data only}
    1. NCT03981783. Informatics framework for pulmonary rehabilitation (CHIEF-PR) [Comprehensive health informatics engagement framework for pulmonary rehab]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03981783 (first received 11 June 2019).
NCT03997513 {published data only}
    1. NCT03997513. The impact of a home-based pulmonary telerehabilitation program in acute exacerbations of COPD [The impact of a home-based pulmonary telerehabilitation program on muscle function and quality of life following acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03997513 (first received 25 June 2019).

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