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Review
. 2021 Jan 27;18(3):1117.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18031117.

Machine and Deep Learning towards COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment: Survey, Challenges, and Future Directions

Tarik Alafif  1 , Abdul Muneeim Tehame  2 , Saleh Bajaba  3 , Ahmed Barnawi  4 , Saad Zia  5
Affiliations
Review

Machine and Deep Learning towards COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment: Survey, Challenges, and Future Directions

Tarik Alafif et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

With many successful stories, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have been widely used in our everyday lives in a number of ways. They have also been instrumental in tackling the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19), which has been happening around the world. The SARS-CoV-2 virus-induced COVID-19 epidemic has spread rapidly across the world, leading to international outbreaks. The COVID-19 fight to curb the spread of the disease involves most states, companies, and scientific research institutions. In this research, we look at the Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based ML and DL methods for COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, in the battle against COVID-19, we summarize the AI-based ML and DL methods and the available datasets, tools, and performance. This survey offers a detailed overview of the existing state-of-the-art methodologies for ML and DL researchers and the wider health community with descriptions of how ML and DL and data can improve the status of COVID-19, and more studies in order to avoid the outbreak of COVID-19. Details of challenges and future directions are also provided.

Keywords: COVID-19; artificial intelligence; deep learning; diagnosis; machine learning; treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A taxonomy of our survey on Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) research works towards Corona-virus 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis and treatment.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Using different computed tomography (CT) scans from a a COVID-19 patient, the RADLogics algorithm measures the recovery amount using a specific score [16].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Our representation of the proposed computation intelligent models used at Cranfield University [18,19].
Figure 4
Figure 4
A presentation of a predicted severity scores for COVID-19 chest X-ray scans while using the DenseNet model [48].
Figure 5
Figure 5
The FluSense device houses these components [54,58].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Covax-19™ is an Australian-designed COVID-19 vaccine modeled by AI-based technologies [76].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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