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. 2021 Oct;82(3):736-745.
doi: 10.1007/s00248-021-01696-w. Epub 2021 Feb 1.

Effects of Tilletia foetida on Microbial Communities in the Rhizosphere Soil of Wheat Seeds Coated with Different Concentrations of Jianzhuang

Ghulam Muhae Ud Din #  1 , Zhenzhen Du #  1 , Han Zhang #  1   2 , Sifeng Zhao  2 , Taiguo Liu  1 , Wanquan Chen  1 , Li Gao  3
Affiliations

Effects of Tilletia foetida on Microbial Communities in the Rhizosphere Soil of Wheat Seeds Coated with Different Concentrations of Jianzhuang

Ghulam Muhae Ud Din et al. Microb Ecol. 2021 Oct.

Abstract

Tilletia foetida (syn. T. laevis) leads to wheat common bunt, a worldwide disease that can lead to 80% yield loss and even total loss of production, together with degrading the quality of grains and flour by producing a rotten fish smell. To explore the potential microbial community that may contribute to the control of soil- and seed-borne pathogens, in this study, we analyzed the effects of the plant pathogenic fungus T. foetida on rhizosphere soil microorganisms in wheat seeds coated with different concentrations of a fungicide (Jianzhuang) used to control the disease. To analyze the bacterial and fungal abundance in T. foetida-infected and mock-infected plants, the microorganisms were sequenced using high-throughput HiSeq 2500 gene sequencing. The results showed that bacterial communities, including Verrucomicrobia, Patescibacteria, Armatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, Fibrobacteres, Chlamydiae, and Hydrogenedentes, and fungal communities, including Basidiomycota and Ciliophora, were more prevalent in the mock group than in the T. foetida-infected group, which may contribute to the control of wheat common bunt. Moreover, cluster and PCoA analysis revealed that replicates of the same samples were clustered together, and these results were also found in the distance index within-group analysis for bacterial and fungal communities in the T. foetida-infected and mock groups.

Keywords: Bacterial community; Fungi community; Tilletia foetida; Wheat common bunt.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Bacterial compositions of the different communities in rhizosphere soil. Relative abundance levels of different bacterial phyla within different libraries. IA (T. foetida + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), IB (T. foetida + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), IC (T. foetida + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), ID (T. foetida + RD of Jianzhuang), IE (T. foetida + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), IF (T. foetida + no Jianzhuang), NG (mock + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), NH (mock + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), NI (mock + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), NJ (mock + % RD of Jianzhuang), NK (mock + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), and NL (mock + no Jianzhuang). RD stands for recommended dose, and mock means ddH2O application
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Fungal compositions of the different communities in rhizosphere soil. Relative abundance levels of different fungal phyla within different samples. IA (T. foetida + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), IB (T. foetida + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), IC (T. foetida + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), ID (T. foetida + RD of Jianzhuang), IE (T. foetida + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), IF (T. foetida + no Jianzhuang), NG (mock + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), NH (mock + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), NI (mock + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), NJ (mock + % RD of Jianzhuang), NK (mock + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), and NL (mock + no Jianzhuang). RD stands for recommended dose, and mock means ddH2O application
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Beta (β) diversity of twelve bacterial samples. a Phylogenetic tree. b Two-dimensional PCoA analysis. IA (T. foetida + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), IB (T. foetida + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), IC (T. foetida + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), ID (T. foetida + RD of Jianzhuang), IE (T. foetida + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), IF (T. foetida + no Jianzhuang), NG (mock + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), NH (mock + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), NI (mock + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), NJ (mock + % RD of Jianzhuang), NK (mock + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), and NL (mock + no Jianzhuang). RD stands for recommended dose, and mock means ddH2O application
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Beta (β) diversity of twelve fungal samples. a Phylogenetic tree. b Two-dimensional PCoA analysis. IA (T. foetida + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), IB (T. foetida + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), IC (T. foetida + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), ID (T. foetida + RD of Jianzhuang), IE (T. foetida + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), IF (T. foetida + no Jianzhuang), NG (mock + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), NH (mock + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), NI (mock + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), NJ (mock + % RD of Jianzhuang), NK (mock + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), and NL (mock + no Jianzhuang). RD stands for recommended dose, and mock means ddH2O application
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Profiling results for the twelve samples. Richness heatmap of the 18 most abundant bacterial phyla. IA (T. foetida + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), IB (T. foetida + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), IC (T. foetida + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), ID (T. foetida + RD of Jianzhuang), IE (T. foetida + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), IF (T. foetida + no Jianzhuang), NG (mock + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), NH (mock + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), NI (mock + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), NJ (mock + RD of Jianzhuang), NK (mock + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), and NL (mock + no Jianzhuang). RD stands for recommended dose, and mock means ddH2O application
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Profiling results of the twelve samples. Richness heatmap of the 7 most abundant fungal phyla. IA (T. foetida + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), IB (T. foetida + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), IC (T. foetida + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), ID (T. foetida + RD of Jianzhuang), IE (T. foetida + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), IF (T. foetida + no Jianzhuang), NG (mock + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), NH (mock + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), NI (mock + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), NJ (mock + % RD of Jianzhuang), NK (mock + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), and NL (mock + no Jianzhuang). RD stands for recommended dose, and mock means ddH2O application
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Alpha (α) diversity levels of twelve bacterial samples. IA (T. foetida + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), IB (T. foetida + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), IC (T. foetida + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), ID (T. foetida + RD of Jianzhuang), IE (T. foetida + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), IF (T. foetida + no Jianzhuang), NG (mock + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), NH (mock + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), NI (mock + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), NJ (mock + % RD of Jianzhuang), NK (mock + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), and NL (mock + no Jianzhuang). RD stands for recommended dose, and mock means no T. foetida application
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Alpha (α) diversity levels of twelve fungal samples. IA (T. foetida + 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), IB (T. foetida + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), IC (T. foetida + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), ID (T. foetida + RD of Jianzhuang), IE (T. foetida + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), IF (T. foetida + no Jianzhuang), NG (+ 1.5% RD of Jianzhuang), NH (mock + 3% RD of Jianzhuang), NI (mock + 5% RD of Jianzhuang), NJ (mock + % RD of Jianzhuang), NK (mock + 1.5 times RD of Jianzhuang), and NL (mock + no Jianzhuang). RD stands for recommended dose, and mock means application of ddH2O instead of T. foetida
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