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. 2021 Jan 11:13:100731.
doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100731. eCollection 2021 Mar.

The origins of the 4 × 4 framework for noncommunicable disease at the World Health Organization

Leah N Schwartz  1 , Jonathan D Shaffer  2 , Gene Bukhman  3   4   5
Affiliations

The origins of the 4 × 4 framework for noncommunicable disease at the World Health Organization

Leah N Schwartz et al. SSM Popul Health. .

Abstract

This paper traces the history of noncommunicable disease public health research and programming at the World Health Organization. Specifically, it investigates the origins of the now pervasive 4 × 4 framework focusing on four sets of diseases (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancers) caused by four behavioral risk factors (tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity). We have found that the 4 × 4 framework developed as a generalization from strategies to control epidemics of cardiovascular disease and stroke in high-income countries during the second half of the twentieth century. These strategies, which were narrowly focused on interventions to address behavioral "lifestyle" risk factors as well as pharmacotherapy for physiologic risk factors, were ultimately packaged as an integrated approach initially in high-income countries and subsequently extended to low- and middle-income countries, where they have failed to address much of the burden among very poor populations.

Keywords: 4 × 4 framework; Global health; Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs); WHO.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Disease-specific programming at the WHO and the emergence of community-level epidemiology characterization of CVD between 1948 and 1978.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Illustration of the emergence of shared risk factors as categorizing schema for NCDs between 1978 and 2000.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Illustration of key NCD exclusions crystalized by the 4 × 4 framework between 2000 and 2008.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
WHO's rendering of the 4 × 4 policy framework for NCDs.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
A graphical summary of the history of the evolution of the 4 × 4 framework for NCDs at the WHO.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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