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Review
. 2021 Jan 16:27:75-84.
doi: 10.1016/j.ctro.2021.01.006. eCollection 2021 Mar.

Statistical fundamentals on cancer research for clinicians: Working with your statisticians

Wei Xu  1   2 , Shao Hui Huang  3   4 , Jie Su  1 , Shivakumar Gudi  3 , Brian O'Sullivan  3   4
Affiliations
Review

Statistical fundamentals on cancer research for clinicians: Working with your statisticians

Wei Xu et al. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. .

Abstract

Purpose: To facilitate understanding statistical principles and methods for clinicians involved in cancer research.

Methods: An overview of study design is provided on cancer research for both observational and clinical trials addressing study objectives and endpoints, superiority tests, non-inferiority and equivalence design, and sample size calculation. The principles of statistical models and tests including contemporary standard methods of analysis and evaluation are discussed. Finally, some statistical pitfalls frequently evident in clinical and translational studies in cancer are discussed.

Results: We emphasize the practical aspects of study design (superiority vs non-inferiority vs equivalence study) and assumptions underpinning power calculations and sample size estimation. The differences between relative risk, odds ratio, and hazard ratio, understanding outcome endpoints, purposes of interim analysis, and statistical modeling to minimize confounding effects and bias are also discussed.

Conclusion: Proper design and correctly constructed statistical models are critical for the success of cancer research studies. Most statistical inaccuracies can be minimized by following essential statistical principles and guidelines to improve quality in research studies.

Keywords: Cancer; Clinical research; Data analysis; Statistical models; Statistics; Study design.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Actuarial Rate of Locoregional Failure Estimated by Kaplan-Meier Method vs Competing Risk Method in HPV-negative OPC Patients Treated at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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