Distinguishing three Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) species grown in Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India using morphological, biochemical and molecular traits

Abstract

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), an important tropical fruit belonging to the family Cactaceae, is rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, complex carbohydrates, dietary fibres and antioxidants. This study aims to distinguish three dragon fruit species well adapted to Andaman and Nicobar Island through morphological (34 quantitative and 26 qualitative traits), biochemical (5 traits) and molecular (14 ISSR primers) characterization. Morphological characterization revealed that presence of considerable amount of genetic variations among them especially for fruit characters viz., colour of peel and pulp. Cladode characters such as number of spines (3-5), length of areoles (mm) as 1-4, margin ribs of cladode (convex or concave) and its waxiness (weak or strong white waxy or light waxy) could be used for identification of three Hylocereus spp. under present study. Highest co-efficient of variation (%) obtained for pulp weight (88.7), whereas, lowest in distance of anthers belowstigma (3.3). Fruit and pulp weight (g) ranged from 26.5-419.3 and 10.3-258.8 with mean value of 204.8 and 125.3, respectively. Comparatively, high phenol (71.3-161.3) and flavonoid (26.6-508.2) content observed in peels than pulp (32.5-130.0 and 45.0-258.2) of fruit indicating higher antioxidant potential. Highest total carotenoids (µg 100 g^-1), β-carotene (µg 100 g^-1) and xanthophyll (µg g^-1) content obtained in pulp on DGF3 (33.8), DGF4 (55.9) and DGF3 (32.7), whereas, in peel on DGF2 (24.3), DGF4 (18.5) and DGF2 (24.1), respectively. DPPH-based scavenging activity (%) revealed higher scavenging activity of peels (55.6-81.2) than pulp (36.0-75.3) extracts. Comparatively, ABTS-based scavenging activity (%) was found more than DPPH-based one. Sixteen ISSR primers screened, 14 were produced 178 reproducible amplified bands. Number of amplified bands varied from 5 in UBC887 to 19 in UBC811 with an average of 12.71 bands per primer. Range of polymorphic bands and % polymorphism observed were 1-13 and 20.0-92.8, respectively. The polymorphic information content value of ISSR marker ranged from 0.42 (UBC895) to 0.91 (UBC 856). Cluster analysis distinguished three different Hylocereus species on the basis of geographic origin and pulp colour by forming separate groups and two genotypes each showed 52% (DGF1 and DGF3) and 76% (DGF2 and DGF4) genetic similarity. Key traits identified for distinguishing three different Hylocereus species were: Pulp/ peel colour of fruits, number of spines and length of areoles in cladode. Genotypes with high carotenoid and xanthophylls content (DGF4 and DGF2) identified under present study may be of industrial importance for development of nutraceutical products to meet out the vitamin-A deficiency among humans in tropical regions needed future focus.

Figure 1

A characteristic fruit view of three different Hylocereus species of dragon fruit (1) H. undatus—DGF1 (a); (2) H. costariscensis—DGF2 (b), DGF4 (c) and (3) H. megalanthus—DGF3 (d).

Figure 2

An illustration of important traits of three different Hylocereus species of dragon fruit. Cladode characters: (A) length of segments (cm), (B) number of spines and (C) margin ribs of cladode; Flower characters: (D) flower bud shape and (E) shape of apex; fruit characters: (F) fruit length (cm) and (G) position towards the peel.

Figure 3

Antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS method) in pulp and peel of four different dragon fruit accessions [PPUP (pink peel with dark purple pulp) = DGF4; PPPP (pinkish red peel with pink pulp) = DGF2; PPWP (pinkish green peel with white pulp) = DGF1; YPWP (yellow peel with white pulp) = DGF3]; ^*DGF1 = Hylocereus undatus; DGF2 & DGF4 = Hylocereus costariscensis; DGF3 = Hylocereus megalanthus.

Figure 4

ISSR marker profiles of four dragon fruit genotypes (a) UBC900, (b) UBC811, (c) UBC 824 and (d) UBC835. [Lane 1—DGF1 (H. undatus); Lane 2—DGF2 (H. costariscensis); Lane 3—DGF3 (H. megalanthus) and Lane 4—DGF4 (H. costariscensis)].

Figure 5

Dendrogram of four dragon fruit genotypes based on UPGMA method of cluster analysis by using Jaccard’s similarity co-efficient obtained from 14 ISSR marker data.