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. 2021 Jan 18:11:630148.
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.630148. eCollection 2020.

Age- and Sex-Differences in Cardiac Characteristics Determined by Echocardiography in Masters Athletes

Savannah V Wooten  1 , Stefan Moestl  2 , Phil Chilibeck  3 , José Ramón Alvero Cruz  4 , Uwe Mittag  2 , Jens Tank  2 , Hirofumi Tanaka  1 , Jörn Rittweger  2 , Fabian Hoffmann  2   5
Affiliations

Age- and Sex-Differences in Cardiac Characteristics Determined by Echocardiography in Masters Athletes

Savannah V Wooten et al. Front Physiol. .

Abstract

Background: Cardiac function and morphology are known to differ between men and women. Sex differences seen with echocardiography have not been studied systematically in masters athletes.

Purpose: To evaluate sex differences in cardiac structure, function and left ventricular (LV) systolic global longitudinal strain among masters athletes.

Methods: This cross-sectional study comprises of 163 masters athletes (M = 109, 60 ± 12 years; F = 55, 57 ± 12 years, range 36-91 years) who participated at the 23rd World Masters Athletics Championship held in Málaga, Spain. All athletes underwent state-of-the-art echocardiography including cardiac function, morphology, strain and hemodynamic assessment.

Results: Left ventricular mass was higher in male than in female athletes (174 ± 44 vs. 141 ± 36 g, p < 0.01) due to greater end-diastolic intraventricular septal, LV posterior wall and LV basal diameter. However, LV mass index did not differ between the groups. End-diastolic LV volume and right ventricular area, both indexed to body-surface-area, were greater in men than in women (52.8 ± 11.0 vs. 46.1 ± 8.5 ml/m2, p < 0.01, 9.5 ± 2.4 vs. 8.1 ± 1.7 cm2/m2, p < 0.01). In contrast, women had higher LV systolic global longitudinal strain (-20.2 ± 2.6 vs. -18.8 ± 2.6%, p < 0.01) and LV outflow tract flow velocity (75.1 ± 11.1 vs. 71.2 ± 11.1 cm/s, p = 0.04). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LV ejection fraction, and stroke volume index were not different between sexes.

Conclusion: Cardiac sex differences are present even among masters athletes. Lifelong exercise training does not appear to exasperate morphological difference to a point of cardiac risk or dysfunction in both male and female athletes.

Keywords: aging athlete; cardiac function; cardiac morphology; echocardiogaphy; healthy ageing; sex difference.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
(A, upper panel) – scatter plot of left ventricular (LV) mass index plotted against age including regression lines for groups. Note the significant increase in both sexes with age (Correlation coefficient 0.37, p < 0.01). Mean values do not differ between groups. (B, lower panel) – scatter plot of LV systolic global peak strain plotted against age including regression lines for groups. Strain values do not correlate with age in both groups, whereas mean values differ significantly between groups (p = 0.01).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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