The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022

Review

. 2021 Sep:128:789-818.

doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022. Epub 2021 Feb 4.

The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder

Stephen V Faraone¹, Tobias Banaschewski², David Coghill³, Yi Zheng⁴, Joseph Biederman⁵, Mark A Bellgrove⁶, Jeffrey H Newcorn⁷, Martin Gignac⁸, Nouf M Al Saud⁹, Iris Manor¹⁰, Luis Augusto Rohde¹¹, Li Yang¹², Samuele Cortese¹³, Doron Almagor¹⁴, Mark A Stein¹⁵, Turki H Albatti¹⁶, Haya F Aljoudi¹⁷, Mohammed M J Alqahtani¹⁸, Philip Asherson¹⁹, Lukoye Atwoli²⁰, Sven Bölte²¹, Jan K Buitelaar²², Cleo L Crunelle²³, David Daley²⁴, Søren Dalsgaard²⁵, Manfred Döpfner²⁶, Stacey Espinet²⁷, Michael Fitzgerald²⁸, Barbara Franke²⁹, Manfred Gerlach³⁰, Jan Haavik³¹, Catharina A Hartman³², Cynthia M Hartung³³, Stephen P Hinshaw³⁴, Pieter J Hoekstra³⁵, Chris Hollis³⁶, Scott H Kollins³⁷, J J Sandra Kooij³⁸, Jonna Kuntsi³⁹, Henrik Larsson⁴⁰, Tingyu Li⁴¹, Jing Liu⁴², Eugene Merzon⁴³, Gregory Mattingly⁴⁴, Paulo Mattos⁴⁵, Suzanne McCarthy⁴⁶, Amori Yee Mikami⁴⁷, Brooke S G Molina⁴⁸, Joel T Nigg⁴⁹, Diane Purper-Ouakil⁵⁰, Olayinka O Omigbodun⁵¹, Guilherme V Polanczyk⁵², Yehuda Pollak⁵³, Alison S Poulton⁵⁴, Ravi Philip Rajkumar⁵⁵, Andrew Reding⁵⁶, Andreas Reif⁵⁷, Katya Rubia⁵⁸, Julia Rucklidge⁵⁹, Marcel Romanos⁶⁰, J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga⁶¹, Arnt Schellekens⁶², Anouk Scheres⁶³, Renata Schoeman⁶⁴, Julie B Schweitzer⁶⁵, Henal Shah⁶⁶, Mary V Solanto⁶⁷, Edmund Sonuga-Barke⁶⁸, César Soutullo⁶⁹, Hans-Christoph Steinhausen⁷⁰, James M Swanson⁷¹, Anita Thapar⁷², Gail Tripp⁷³, Geurt van de Glind⁷⁴, Wim van den Brink⁷⁵, Saskia Van der Oord⁷⁶, Andre Venter⁷⁷, Benedetto Vitiello⁷⁸, Susanne Walitza⁷⁹, Yufeng Wang¹²

Affiliations

¹ Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, Psychiatry Research Division, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; World Federation of ADHD, Switzerland; American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA. Electronic address: sfaraone@childpsychresearch.org.
² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist's Representative, Zentrales-ADHS-Netz, Germany; The German Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany.
³ Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁴ Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Asian Federation of ADHD, China; Chinese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, China.
⁵ Clinical & Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology & Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶ Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Australian ADHD Professionals Association (AADPA), Australia.
⁷ American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Division of ADHD and Learning Disorders, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
⁸ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Montreal Children's Hospital, MUHC, Montreal, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Canadian ADHD Research Alliance (CADDRA), Canada.
⁹ Saudi ADHD Society, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ Chair, Israeli Society of ADHD (ISA), Israel; Co-chair of the neurodevelopmental section in EPA (the European Psychiatric Association), France.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
¹² Asian Federation of ADHD, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
¹³ Center for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK; Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
¹⁴ University of Toronto, SickKids Centre for Community Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Canadian ADHD Research Alliance (CADDRA), Canada.
¹⁵ University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹⁶ Saudi ADHD Society Medical and Psychological Committee, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁷ King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saudi ADHD Society Medical and Psychological Committee, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁸ Clinical Psychology, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Saudi ADHD Society, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁹ Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
²⁰ Department of Mental Health and Behavioural Science, Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Brain and Mind Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College East Africa, the Aga Khan University, Kenya; African College of Psychopharmacology, Kenya; African Association of Psychiatrists, Kenya.
²¹ Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Healthcare Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Curtin Autism Research Group, School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
²² Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
²³ Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Dept. of Psychiatry, Brussel, Belgium; International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse (ICASA), Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
²⁴ Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; NIHR MindTech Mental Health MedTech Cooperative & Centre for ADHD and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan (CANDAL), Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
²⁵ National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.
²⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Zentrales-ADHS-Netz, Germany.
²⁷ Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance (CADDRA), Canada.
²⁸ Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
²⁹ Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Professional Board, ADHD Europe, Belgium.
³⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Electronic address: manfred.gerlach@uni-wuerzburg.de.
³¹ Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
³² University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Groningen, the Netherlands; ADHD Across the Lifespan Network from European College of Neuropsychopharmacology(ECNP), the Netherlands.
³³ Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
³⁴ University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
³⁵ University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands.
³⁶ Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, UK; NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.
³⁷ Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
³⁸ Amsterdam University Medical Center (VUMc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; PsyQ, The Hague, the Netherlands; European Network Adult ADHD, the Netherlands; DIVA Foundation, the Netherlands; Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across Lifespan Section of European Psychiatric Association, France.
³⁹ Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁴⁰ School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
⁴¹ Growth, Development and Mental Health Center for Children and Adolescents, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Research Center for Clinical Medicine of Child Health and Disease, Chongqing, China; The Subspecialty Group of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association, China.
⁴² Asian Federation of ADHD, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China; The Chinese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, China; The Asian Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions, China.
⁴³ Department of Family Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Israeli Society of ADHD, Israel; Israeli National Diabetes Council, Israel.
⁴⁴ Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Midwest Research Group, St Charles, MO, USA.
⁴⁵ Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Brazilian Attention Deficit Association (ABDA), Brazil.
⁴⁶ School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
⁴⁷ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁴⁸ Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, Pediatrics, Clinical & Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
⁴⁹ Center for ADHD Research, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
⁵⁰ University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Saint Eloi, MPEA, Medical and Psychological Unit for Children and Adolescents (MPEA), Montpellier, France; INSERM U 1018 CESP-Developmental Psychiatry, France.
⁵¹ Centre for Child & Adolescent Mental Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁵² Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
⁵³ Seymour Fox School of Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Israeli Society of ADHD (ISA), Israel.
⁵⁴ Brain Mind Centre Nepean, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Australian ADHD Professionals Association (AADPA), Australia.
⁵⁵ Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India.
⁵⁶ USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Psychiatric Association, Germany.
⁵⁸ World Federation of ADHD, Switzerland; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK; European Network for Hyperkinetic Disorders (EUNETHYDIS), Germany.
⁵⁹ School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
⁶⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; The German Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany; Zentrales-ADHS-Netz, Germany.
⁶¹ Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across Lifespan Section of European Psychiatric Association, France; International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse (ICASA), the Netherlands; DIVA Foundation, the Netherlands.
⁶² Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse (ICASA), Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
⁶³ Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
⁶⁴ University of Stellenbosch Business School, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Special Interest Group for Adult ADHD, South Africa; The South African Society of Psychiatrists/Psychiatry Management Group Management Guidelines for ADHD, South Africa; World Federation of Biological Psychiatry, Germany; American Psychiatric Association, USA; Association for NeuroPsychoEconomics, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
⁶⁶ Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai, India.
⁶⁷ The Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Northwell Health, Hemstead, NY, USA; Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD), USA; American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA; National Center for Children with Learning Disabilities (NCLD), USA.
⁶⁸ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁶⁹ American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA; European Network for Hyperkinetic Disorders (EUNETHYDIS), Germany; Louis A. Faillace MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
⁷⁰ University of Zurich, CH, Switzerland; University of Basel, CH, Switzerland; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁷¹ Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁷² Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, UK.
⁷³ Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
⁷⁴ Hogeschool van Utrecht/University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
⁷⁵ Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁷⁶ Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; European ADHD Guidelines Group, Germany.
⁷⁷ University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
⁷⁸ University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁷⁹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

PMID: 33549739
PMCID: PMC8328933
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022

Review

The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder

Stephen V Faraone et al. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Sep.

. 2021 Sep:128:789-818.

doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022. Epub 2021 Feb 4.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, Psychiatry Research Division, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; World Federation of ADHD, Switzerland; American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA. Electronic address: sfaraone@childpsychresearch.org.
² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist's Representative, Zentrales-ADHS-Netz, Germany; The German Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany.
³ Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁴ Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Asian Federation of ADHD, China; Chinese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, China.
⁵ Clinical & Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology & Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶ Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Australian ADHD Professionals Association (AADPA), Australia.
⁷ American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Division of ADHD and Learning Disorders, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
⁸ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Montreal Children's Hospital, MUHC, Montreal, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Canadian ADHD Research Alliance (CADDRA), Canada.
⁹ Saudi ADHD Society, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ Chair, Israeli Society of ADHD (ISA), Israel; Co-chair of the neurodevelopmental section in EPA (the European Psychiatric Association), France.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
¹² Asian Federation of ADHD, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China.
¹³ Center for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK; Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
¹⁴ University of Toronto, SickKids Centre for Community Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Canadian ADHD Research Alliance (CADDRA), Canada.
¹⁵ University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹⁶ Saudi ADHD Society Medical and Psychological Committee, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁷ King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saudi ADHD Society Medical and Psychological Committee, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁸ Clinical Psychology, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; Saudi ADHD Society, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁹ Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
²⁰ Department of Mental Health and Behavioural Science, Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Brain and Mind Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College East Africa, the Aga Khan University, Kenya; African College of Psychopharmacology, Kenya; African Association of Psychiatrists, Kenya.
²¹ Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Healthcare Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden; Curtin Autism Research Group, School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
²² Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
²³ Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Dept. of Psychiatry, Brussel, Belgium; International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse (ICASA), Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
²⁴ Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; NIHR MindTech Mental Health MedTech Cooperative & Centre for ADHD and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan (CANDAL), Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
²⁵ National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.
²⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, School of Child and Adolescent Cognitive Behavior Therapy (AKiP), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Zentrales-ADHS-Netz, Germany.
²⁷ Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance (CADDRA), Canada.
²⁸ Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
²⁹ Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Professional Board, ADHD Europe, Belgium.
³⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. Electronic address: manfred.gerlach@uni-wuerzburg.de.
³¹ Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
³² University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Groningen, the Netherlands; ADHD Across the Lifespan Network from European College of Neuropsychopharmacology(ECNP), the Netherlands.
³³ Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
³⁴ University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
³⁵ University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, the Netherlands.
³⁶ Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, UK; NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-operative, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.
³⁷ Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
³⁸ Amsterdam University Medical Center (VUMc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; PsyQ, The Hague, the Netherlands; European Network Adult ADHD, the Netherlands; DIVA Foundation, the Netherlands; Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across Lifespan Section of European Psychiatric Association, France.
³⁹ Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁴⁰ School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
⁴¹ Growth, Development and Mental Health Center for Children and Adolescents, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Research Center for Clinical Medicine of Child Health and Disease, Chongqing, China; The Subspecialty Group of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association, China.
⁴² Asian Federation of ADHD, China; Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China; The Chinese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, China; The Asian Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions, China.
⁴³ Department of Family Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Israeli Society of ADHD, Israel; Israeli National Diabetes Council, Israel.
⁴⁴ Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Midwest Research Group, St Charles, MO, USA.
⁴⁵ Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Brazilian Attention Deficit Association (ABDA), Brazil.
⁴⁶ School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
⁴⁷ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁴⁸ Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, Pediatrics, Clinical & Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
⁴⁹ Center for ADHD Research, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
⁵⁰ University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier Saint Eloi, MPEA, Medical and Psychological Unit for Children and Adolescents (MPEA), Montpellier, France; INSERM U 1018 CESP-Developmental Psychiatry, France.
⁵¹ Centre for Child & Adolescent Mental Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
⁵² Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
⁵³ Seymour Fox School of Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; The Israeli Society of ADHD (ISA), Israel.
⁵⁴ Brain Mind Centre Nepean, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Australian ADHD Professionals Association (AADPA), Australia.
⁵⁵ Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India.
⁵⁶ USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Psychiatric Association, Germany.
⁵⁸ World Federation of ADHD, Switzerland; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK; European Network for Hyperkinetic Disorders (EUNETHYDIS), Germany.
⁵⁹ School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
⁶⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; The German Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Germany; Zentrales-ADHS-Netz, Germany.
⁶¹ Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across Lifespan Section of European Psychiatric Association, France; International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse (ICASA), the Netherlands; DIVA Foundation, the Netherlands.
⁶² Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; International Collaboration on ADHD and Substance Abuse (ICASA), Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
⁶³ Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
⁶⁴ University of Stellenbosch Business School, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Special Interest Group for Adult ADHD, South Africa; The South African Society of Psychiatrists/Psychiatry Management Group Management Guidelines for ADHD, South Africa; World Federation of Biological Psychiatry, Germany; American Psychiatric Association, USA; Association for NeuroPsychoEconomics, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
⁶⁶ Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Ch. Hospital, Mumbai, India.
⁶⁷ The Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Northwell Health, Hemstead, NY, USA; Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD), USA; American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA; National Center for Children with Learning Disabilities (NCLD), USA.
⁶⁸ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁶⁹ American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders (APSARD), USA; European Network for Hyperkinetic Disorders (EUNETHYDIS), Germany; Louis A. Faillace MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
⁷⁰ University of Zurich, CH, Switzerland; University of Basel, CH, Switzerland; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Centre of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁷¹ Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁷² Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales, UK.
⁷³ Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan.
⁷⁴ Hogeschool van Utrecht/University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
⁷⁵ Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁷⁶ Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; European ADHD Guidelines Group, Germany.
⁷⁷ University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
⁷⁸ University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁷⁹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

PMID: 33549739
PMCID: PMC8328933
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022

Abstract

Background: Misconceptions about ADHD stigmatize affected people, reduce credibility of providers, and prevent/delay treatment. To challenge misconceptions, we curated findings with strong evidence base.

Methods: We reviewed studies with more than 2000 participants or meta-analyses from five or more studies or 2000 or more participants. We excluded meta-analyses that did not assess publication bias, except for meta-analyses of prevalence. For network meta-analyses we required comparison adjusted funnel plots. We excluded treatment studies with waiting-list or treatment as usual controls. From this literature, we extracted evidence-based assertions about the disorder.

Results: We generated 208 empirically supported statements about ADHD. The status of the included statements as empirically supported is approved by 80 authors from 27 countries and 6 continents. The contents of the manuscript are endorsed by 366 people who have read this document and agree with its contents.

Conclusions: Many findings in ADHD are supported by meta-analysis. These allow for firm statements about the nature, course, outcome causes, and treatments for disorders that are useful for reducing misconceptions and stigma.

Keywords: ADHD; Brain; Course; Diagnosis; Genetics; Outcome; Treatment.

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References

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[1] Adeyemo BO, Biederman J, Zafonte R, Kagan E, Spencer TJ, Uchida M, Kenworthy T, Spencer AE, Faraone SV, 2014. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and ADHD: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord 18, 576–584. - PubMed

[2] Adeyemo BO, Biederman J, Zafonte R, Kagan E, Spencer TJ, Uchida M, Kenworthy T, Spencer AE, Faraone SV, 2014. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and ADHD: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis. J Atten Disord 18, 576–584. - PubMed

[3] Akmatov MK, Ermakova T, Batzing J, 2019. Psychiatric and Nonpsychiatric Comorbidities Among Children With ADHD: An Exploratory Analysis of Nationwide Claims Data in Germany. J Atten Disord, 1087054719865779. - PubMed

[4] Akmatov MK, Ermakova T, Batzing J, 2019. Psychiatric and Nonpsychiatric Comorbidities Among Children With ADHD: An Exploratory Analysis of Nationwide Claims Data in Germany. J Atten Disord, 1087054719865779. - PubMed

[5] Alliance CAR, 2011. Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines, 3rd ed., 3rd ed.

[6] Alliance CAR, 2011. Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines, 3rd ed., 3rd ed.

[7] American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 5th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA.

[8] American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 5th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA.

[9] Andersen CH, Thomsen PH, Nohr EA, Lemcke S, 2018. Maternal body mass index before pregnancy as a risk factor for ADHD and autism in children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27, 139–148. - PubMed

[10] Andersen CH, Thomsen PH, Nohr EA, Lemcke S, 2018. Maternal body mass index before pregnancy as a risk factor for ADHD and autism in children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27, 139–148. - PubMed

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The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder

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The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder

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