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. 2021 Feb 1;32(4):427-442.
doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0092. Print 2021 Jun 25.

Neurological involvement of COVID-19: from neuroinvasion and neuroimmune crosstalk to long-term consequences

Dian Eurike Septyaningtrias  1 , Rina Susilowati  1
Affiliations
Free article

Neurological involvement of COVID-19: from neuroinvasion and neuroimmune crosstalk to long-term consequences

Dian Eurike Septyaningtrias et al. Rev Neurosci. .
Free article

Abstract

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a multidimensional threat to humanity, more evidence of neurological involvement associated with it has emerged. Neuroimmune interaction may prove to be important not only in the pathogenesis of neurological manifestations but also to prevent systemic hyperinflammation. In this review, we summarize reports of COVID-19 cases with neurological involvement, followed by discussion of possible routes of entry, immune responses against coronavirus infection in the central nervous system and mechanisms of nerve degeneration due to viral infection and immune responses. Possible mechanisms for neuroprotection and virus-associated neurological consequences are also discussed.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; immune response; nerve degeneration; neuroprotection; neurotropism.

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