Effect of Exogenous Gibberellin, Paclobutrazol, Abscisic Acid, and Ethrel Application on Bulblet Development in Lycoris radiata

Abstract

Lycoris species have great ornamental and medicinal values; however, their low regeneration efficiency significantly restricts their commercial production. Exogenous hormone application is an effective way to promote bulblet development, but their effect on Lycoris radiata has not been verified to date. In the present study, we examined the effect of different exogenous hormones on bulblet development in L. radiata, and found that gibberellic acid (GA) significantly inhibited, whereas paclobutrazol (PBZ), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethrel promoted bulblet development, especially PBZ, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor. Furthermore, GA reduced endogenous cytokinin (CK) content, as well as the activities of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, including sucrose synthase (SUS) and glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (AGPase), by downregulating the expression levels of LrSUS1, LrSUS2, and genes encoding AGPase large and small subunits. This resulted in the decrease in carbohydrate accumulation in the bulblets, thus hindering their development. PBZ had the opposite effect to GA on carbohydrate metabolism; it decreased endogenous GA₁₅ and GA₂₄, thereby promoting bulblet development. ABA promoted endogenous auxin content and the activities of starch synthesis enzymes, especially soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound SS (GBSS), through the up-regulation of the expression levels of LrSS1, LrSS2, and LrGBSS1 genes, which could also result in the accumulation of carbohydrates in the bulblets and promote their development. In addition, ethrel application partly promoted bulblet development by promoting endogenous CK content. Although the accumulation of carbohydrates and the activity of starch enzymes were increased by ethrel treatment, we hypothesized that the effect of ethrel on regulating carbohydrate metabolism may be indirect. Our results could provide a basis for improving the propagation efficiency of L. radiata for production, as well as propose some directions for future research.

Keywords: Lycoris radiata; bulblet development; carbohydrate metabolism; hormone application; regulation.

Figure 1

Morphological characteristics of bulblet development under different hormone treatments of Lycoris radiata. The arrows indicate the position where the axillary bud is formed and the bulblet develops. Pictures were taken at 0, 3, 7, 14, 30, 45, and 60 days after treatment (DAT). Bar = 1 cm.

Figure 2

Changes in three types of endogenous auxin and IP contents during the bulblet development process of L. radiata under different hormone treatments. IAA: indole-3-acetic acid; MeIAA: methyl indole-3-acetate; ICAld: Indole-3-carboxaldehyde; IP: N6-isopentenyladenine, a type of endogenous cytokinin (CK).

Figure 3

Changes in four types of endogenous gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents during the bulblet development process of L. radiata under different hormone treatments.

Figure 4

Changes in carbohydrate contents during the bulblet development process of L. radiata under different hormone treatments. (A,B) starch; (C,D) soluble sugar; (E,F) sucrose; (A,C,E) bulblets and zones where bulblets are formed; (B,D,F) mother scales.

Figure 5

Changes in the activities of sucrose metabolism and starch synthesis enzymes during the bulblet development process of L. radiata under different hormone treatments. (A) SUS: sucrose synthase enzyme; (B) AGPase: glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (C) SSS: soluble starch synthase sucrose; (D) GBSS: granule-bound starch synthase.

Figure 6

Changes in the expression levels of LrSuS1, LrSuS2, LrSuS3, and LrSuS4 during the bulblet development process of L. radiata under different hormone treatments. For qRT-PCR analysis, the values obtained for the control samples at 0 DAT were arbitrarily set at 1.0.

Figure 7

Changes in the expression levels of LrAGPL1, LrAGPL2, LrAGPS1, and LrAGPS2 during the bulblet development process of L. radiata under different hormone treatments. Details are as described in the legend of Figure 6.

Figure 8

Changes in the expression levels of LrSS1, LrSS2, LrSS2, and LrGBSS1 during the bulblet development process of L. radiata under different hormone treatments. Details are as described in the legend of Figure 6.