Reaction of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase with fatty acid hydroperoxides. Characterization and mechanism

Abstract

Rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase must be in a reduced form to be catalytically active (Marota, J.J. A., and Shiman, R. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 1303-1311). In this communication we show that a fatty acid hydroperoxide, 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid (LOOH), can efficiently oxidize the reduced enzyme. In the process, the hydroperoxide is decomposed, oxygen consumed, and hydrogen peroxide formed. Enzyme reduction by the tetrahydropterin cofactor and reoxidation by LOOH can occur as two single steps or, when the enzyme concentration is low compared to that of the substrates, as part of a catalytic cycle. In this latter case, phenylalanine hydroxylase is a hydroperoxide-dependent tetrahydropterin oxidase. The reaction requires 1.0 mol of O2, 1.0 mol of tetrahydropterin, and 0.5 mol of LOOH to yield 1.0 mol of quinonoid dihydropterin, 0.4 mol of H2O2, and fatty acid products. Thus far, the catalytic and single-step reactions appear the same in all properties, consistent with the steady-state reaction following a ping-pong mechanism. Phenylalanine hydroxylase is an excellent catalyst for this reaction: the turnover number with LOOH is slightly greater than with phenylalanine; the Km(app) for LOOH is 11 +/- 4 microM; and the kcat/Km ratio for LOOH is about 25 times greater than for phenylalanine. LOOH and phenylalanine appear to react at different sites on phenylalanine appear to react at different sites on phenylalanine hydroxylase, and the reaction of LOOH is inhibited only slightly by phenylalanine and not at all by 5-deaza-6-methyltetrahydropterin, a competitive inhibitor of phenylalanine hydroxylation. The reaction of LOOH with phenylalanine hydroxylase strongly resembles the nonenzymatic reaction of LOOH with hematin, implying similar mechanisms for the two reactions and implicating the enzyme's non-heme iron as both the site of reaction of LOOH and of electron transfer during oxidation and reduction. The formation of hydrogen peroxide during a reaction of phenylalanine hydroxylase is unusual. Indirect evidence indicates a reduced oxygen species, formed on the enzyme during the reduction step, is (partially) released as H2O2 when the hydroperoxide reacts.