Multicenter Study

. 2022 Jan;43(1):452-469.

doi: 10.1002/hbm.25320. Epub 2021 Feb 11.

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Danai Dima^{1

2}, Amirhossein Modabbernia³, Efstathios Papachristou⁴, Gaelle E Doucet⁵, Ingrid Agartz^{6

7

8}, Moji Aghajani^{9

10}, Theophilus N Akudjedu^{11

12}, Anton Albajes-Eizagirre^{13

14}, Dag Alnaes^{6

15}, Kathryn I Alpert¹⁶, Micael Andersson¹⁷, Nancy C Andreasen¹⁸, Ole A Andreassen⁶, Philip Asherson¹⁹, Tobias Banaschewski²⁰, Nuria Bargallo^{21

22}, Sarah Baumeister²⁰, Ramona Baur-Streubel²³, Alessandro Bertolino²⁴, Aurora Bonvino²⁴, Dorret I Boomsma²⁵, Stefan Borgwardt²⁶, Josiane Bourque²⁷, Daniel Brandeis²⁰, Alan Breier²⁸, Henry Brodaty²⁹, Rachel M Brouwer³⁰, Jan K Buitelaar^{31

32

33}, Geraldo F Busatto³⁴, Randy L Buckner^{35

36}, Vincent Calhoun³⁷, Erick J Canales-Rodríguez^{13

14}, Dara M Cannon¹², Xavier Caseras³⁸, Francisco X Castellanos³⁹, Simon Cervenka^{8

40}, Tiffany M Chaim-Avancini³⁴, Christopher R K Ching⁴¹, Victoria Chubar⁴², Vincent P Clark^{43

44}, Patricia Conrod⁴⁵, Annette Conzelmann⁴⁶, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro^{14

47}, Fabrice Crivello⁴⁸, Eveline A Crone^{49

50}, Udo Dannlowski⁵¹, Anders M Dale⁵², Christopher Davey⁵³, Eco J C de Geus²⁵, Lieuwe de Haan⁵⁴, Greig I de Zubicaray⁵⁵, Anouk den Braber²⁵, Erin W Dickie^{56

57}, Annabella Di Giorgio⁵⁸, Nhat Trung Doan⁶, Erlend S Dørum^{6

59

60}, Stefan Ehrlich^{61

62}, Susanne Erk⁶³, Thomas Espeseth^{59

64}, Helena Fatouros-Bergman^{8

40}, Simon E Fisher^{33

65}, Jean-Paul Fouche⁶⁶, Barbara Franke^{33

67

68}, Thomas Frodl⁶⁹, Paola Fuentes-Claramonte^{13

14}, David C Glahn⁷⁰, Ian H Gotlib⁷¹, Hans-Jörgen Grabe^{72

73}, Oliver Grimm⁷⁴, Nynke A Groenewold^{66

75}, Dominik Grotegerd⁷⁵, Oliver Gruber⁷⁶, Patricia Gruner^{77

78}, Rachel E Gur^{27

79

80}, Ruben C Gur^{27

79

80}, Tim Hahn⁵¹, Ben J Harrison⁸¹, Catharine A Hartman⁸², Sean N Hatton⁸³, Andreas Heinz⁶², Dirk J Heslenfeld⁸⁴, Derrek P Hibar⁸⁵, Ian B Hickie⁸³, Beng-Choon Ho¹⁸, Pieter J Hoekstra⁸⁶, Sarah Hohmann²⁰, Avram J Holmes⁸⁷, Martine Hoogman^{33

66}, Norbert Hosten⁸⁸, Fleur M Howells^{65

74}, Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol³⁰, Chaim Huyser⁸⁹, Neda Jahanshad⁴¹, Anthony James⁹⁰, Terry L Jernigan⁹¹, Jiyang Jiang²⁹, Erik G Jönsson^{6

8

40}, John A Joska⁶⁵, Rene Kahn³, Andrew Kalnin⁹², Ryota Kanai⁹³, Marieke Klein^{33

66

94}, Tatyana P Klyushnik⁹⁵, Laura Koenders⁵³, Sanne Koops³⁰, Bernd Krämer⁷⁶, Jonna Kuntsi¹⁹, Jim Lagopoulos⁹⁶, Luisa Lázaro^{14

97}, Irina Lebedeva⁹⁵, Won Hee Lee³, Klaus-Peter Lesch⁹⁸, Christine Lochner⁹⁹, Marise W J Machielsen⁵³, Sophie Maingault⁴⁸, Nicholas G Martin¹⁰⁰, Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín^{14

101}, David Mataix-Cols^{8

40}, Bernard Mazoyer⁴⁸, Colm McDonald¹², Brenna C McDonald²⁸, Andrew M McIntosh¹⁰², Katie L McMahon¹⁰³, Genevieve McPhilemy¹², Susanne Meinert⁵¹, José M Menchón^{14

101}, Sarah E Medland¹⁰⁰, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg¹⁰⁴, Jilly Naaijen^{32

33}, Pablo Najt¹², Tomohiro Nakao¹⁰⁵, Jan E Nordvik¹⁰⁶, Lars Nyberg^{17

107}, Jaap Oosterlaan¹⁰⁸, Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz^{14

109

110}, Yannis Paloyelis², Paul Pauli^{23

111}, Giulio Pergola²⁴, Edith Pomarol-Clotet^{13

14}, Maria J Portella^{13

112}, Steven G Potkin¹¹³, Joaquim Radua^{8

22

114}, Andreas Reif⁷³, Daniel A Rinker⁶, Joshua L Roffman³⁶, Pedro G P Rosa³⁴, Matthew D Sacchet¹¹⁵, Perminder S Sachdev²⁹, Raymond Salvador¹³, Pascual Sánchez-Juan^{109

116}, Salvador Sarró¹³, Theodore D Satterthwaite²⁷, Andrew J Saykin²⁸, Mauricio H Serpa³⁴, Lianne Schmaal^{117

118}, Knut Schnell¹¹⁹, Gunter Schumann^{19

120}, Kang Sim¹²¹, Jordan W Smoller¹²², Iris Sommer¹²³, Carles Soriano-Mas^{14

101}, Dan J Stein⁹⁹, Lachlan T Strike¹²⁴, Suzanne C Swagerman²⁵, Christian K Tamnes^{6

7

125}, Henk S Temmingh⁶⁵, Sophia I Thomopoulos⁴¹, Alexander S Tomyshev⁹⁵, Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez^{13

126}, Julian N Trollor²⁹, Jessica A Turner¹²⁷, Anne Uhlmann⁶⁵, Odile A van den Heuvel⁹, Dennis van den Meer^{6

15

128}, Nic J A van der Wee^{129

130}, Neeltje E M van Haren¹³¹, Dennis Van't Ent²⁵, Theo G M van Erp^{113

132

133}, Ilya M Veer⁶², Dick J Veltman⁹, Aristotle Voineskos^{55

56}, Henry Völzke^{133

134

135}, Henrik Walter⁶², Esther Walton¹³⁶, Lei Wang¹³⁷, Yang Wang¹³⁸, Thomas H Wassink¹⁸, Bernd Weber¹³⁹, Wei Wen²⁹, John D West²⁸, Lars T Westlye⁵⁸, Heather Whalley¹⁰², Lara M Wierenga¹⁴⁰, Steven C R Williams², Katharina Wittfeld^{71

72}, Daniel H Wolf²⁷, Amanda Worker², Margaret J Wright¹²⁴, Kun Yang¹⁴¹, Yulyia Yoncheva¹⁴², Marcus V Zanetti^{34

143}, Georg C Ziegler¹⁴⁴, Paul M Thompson⁴¹, Sophia Frangou^{3

145}; Karolinska Schizophrenia Project (KaSP)

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City University of London, London, UK.
² Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
³ Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
⁴ Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK.
⁵ Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
⁶ Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁷ Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁸ Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁰ Institute of Education & Child Studies, Section Forensic Family & Youth Care, Leiden University, Netherlands.
¹¹ Institute of Medical Imaging and Visualisation, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK.
¹² Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
¹³ FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁴ Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁵ Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁶ Radiologics, Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
¹⁹ Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
²⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
²¹ Imaging Diagnostic Centre, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona University Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
²² August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institut (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
²³ Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.
²⁴ Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
²⁵ Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
²⁶ Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lubeck, Germany.
²⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁸ Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
²⁹ Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
³⁰ Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
³¹ Donders Center of Medical Neurosciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³² Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³³ Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³⁴ Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
³⁵ Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁷ Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, USA Neurology, Radiology, Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
³⁸ MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
³⁹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
⁴⁰ Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴¹ Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁴² Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Mind-Body Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴³ Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴⁴ Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
⁴⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.
⁴⁷ HU Virgen del Rocio, IBiS, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
⁴⁸ Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.
⁴⁹ Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen, Instituut Psychologie, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁵¹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Munster, Germany.
⁵² Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁵³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁵⁴ Academisch Medisch Centrum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁵ Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
⁵⁶ Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Canada.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
⁵⁸ Biological Psychiatry Lab, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
⁵⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁰ Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway.
⁶¹ Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶² Faculty of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶³ Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁶⁴ Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁵ Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁶⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.
⁶⁷ Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁶⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁶⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
⁷² Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁷³ German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁷⁴ Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁷⁵ Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.
⁷⁶ Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁷⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁷⁸ Learning Based Recovery Center, VA Connecticut Health System, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁷⁹ Lifespan Brain Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸⁰ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸¹ Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Center, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸² Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
⁸³ Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
⁸⁴ Departments of Experimental and Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁸⁵ Personalized Healthcare, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA.
⁸⁶ Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
⁸⁷ Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁸⁸ Norbert Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁸⁹ Bascule, Academic Centre for Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Duivendrecht, Netherlands.
⁹⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
⁹¹ Center for Human Development, Departments of Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
⁹² Department of Radiology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
⁹³ Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya, Inc, Tokyo, Japan.
⁹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁹⁵ Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moskva, Russia.
⁹⁶ Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience, Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Australia.
⁹⁷ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁹⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.
⁹⁹ SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
¹⁰⁰ Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
¹⁰¹ Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰² Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
¹⁰³ School of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Clinical Medicine, Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan.
¹⁰⁶ CatoSenteret Rehabilitation Hospital, Son, Norway.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹⁰⁸ Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital "Marques de Valdecilla", Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.
¹¹⁰ Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
¹¹¹ Centre of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.
¹¹² Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹³ Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
¹¹⁴ Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
¹¹⁵ Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹⁶ Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
¹¹⁷ Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.
¹¹⁸ Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
¹¹⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
¹²⁰ Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
¹²¹ Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
¹²² Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹²³ Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Göttingen, Netherlands.
¹²⁴ Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
¹²⁵ PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹²⁶ Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
¹²⁷ College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
¹²⁸ School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
¹²⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹³⁰ Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹³¹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
¹³² Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
¹³³ Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁴ German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁵ German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
¹³⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹³⁸ Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
¹³⁹ Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
¹⁴⁰ Developmental and Educational Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁴¹ National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
¹⁴² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA.
¹⁴³ Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁴⁴ Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

PMID: 33570244
PMCID: PMC8675429
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25320

Multicenter Study

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Danai Dima et al. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022 Jan.

. 2022 Jan;43(1):452-469.

doi: 10.1002/hbm.25320. Epub 2021 Feb 11.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City University of London, London, UK.
² Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
³ Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
⁴ Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK.
⁵ Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
⁶ Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁷ Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁸ Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁰ Institute of Education & Child Studies, Section Forensic Family & Youth Care, Leiden University, Netherlands.
¹¹ Institute of Medical Imaging and Visualisation, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK.
¹² Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
¹³ FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁴ Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁵ Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁶ Radiologics, Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
¹⁹ Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
²⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
²¹ Imaging Diagnostic Centre, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona University Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
²² August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institut (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
²³ Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.
²⁴ Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
²⁵ Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
²⁶ Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lubeck, Germany.
²⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁸ Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
²⁹ Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
³⁰ Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
³¹ Donders Center of Medical Neurosciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³² Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³³ Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³⁴ Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
³⁵ Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁷ Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, USA Neurology, Radiology, Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
³⁸ MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
³⁹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
⁴⁰ Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴¹ Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
⁴² Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Mind-Body Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴³ Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴⁴ Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
⁴⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.
⁴⁷ HU Virgen del Rocio, IBiS, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
⁴⁸ Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293, Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.
⁴⁹ Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen, Instituut Psychologie, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁵¹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Munster, Germany.
⁵² Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁵³ Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁵⁴ Academisch Medisch Centrum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁵ Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
⁵⁶ Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Canada.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
⁵⁸ Biological Psychiatry Lab, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
⁵⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁰ Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway.
⁶¹ Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶² Faculty of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶³ Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁶⁴ Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁵ Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁶⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.
⁶⁷ Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁶⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁶⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
⁷² Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁷³ German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁷⁴ Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁷⁵ Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.
⁷⁶ Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁷⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁷⁸ Learning Based Recovery Center, VA Connecticut Health System, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁷⁹ Lifespan Brain Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸⁰ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸¹ Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Center, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸² Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
⁸³ Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
⁸⁴ Departments of Experimental and Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁸⁵ Personalized Healthcare, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA.
⁸⁶ Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
⁸⁷ Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁸⁸ Norbert Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁸⁹ Bascule, Academic Centre for Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Duivendrecht, Netherlands.
⁹⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
⁹¹ Center for Human Development, Departments of Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
⁹² Department of Radiology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
⁹³ Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya, Inc, Tokyo, Japan.
⁹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁹⁵ Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moskva, Russia.
⁹⁶ Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience, Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Australia.
⁹⁷ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁹⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.
⁹⁹ SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
¹⁰⁰ Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
¹⁰¹ Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰² Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
¹⁰³ School of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Clinical Medicine, Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan.
¹⁰⁶ CatoSenteret Rehabilitation Hospital, Son, Norway.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹⁰⁸ Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital "Marques de Valdecilla", Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.
¹¹⁰ Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
¹¹¹ Centre of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.
¹¹² Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹³ Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
¹¹⁴ Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
¹¹⁵ Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹⁶ Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
¹¹⁷ Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.
¹¹⁸ Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
¹¹⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
¹²⁰ Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
¹²¹ Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
¹²² Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹²³ Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Göttingen, Netherlands.
¹²⁴ Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
¹²⁵ PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹²⁶ Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
¹²⁷ College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
¹²⁸ School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
¹²⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹³⁰ Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹³¹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
¹³² Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
¹³³ Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁴ German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁵ German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
¹³⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹³⁸ Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
¹³⁹ Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
¹⁴⁰ Developmental and Educational Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁴¹ National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
¹⁴² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA.
¹⁴³ Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁴⁴ Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Wurzburg, Germany.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

PMID: 33570244
PMCID: PMC8675429
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25320

Abstract

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age-related trajectories inferred from cross-sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter-individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age-related morphometric patterns.

Keywords: ENIGMA; brain morphometry; longitudinal trajectories; multisite.

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Conflict of interest statement

H.‐J. G.: Travel grants and speaker honoraria from Fresenius Medical Care, Neuraxpharm, Servier and Janssen Cilag; research funding from Fresenius Medical Care. O. A. A.: Consultant to HealthLytix, speaker honorarium from Lundbeck. A. M. D.: Founder and member of the Scientific Advisory Board CorTechs Labs, Inc where he holds equity; member of the Scientific Advisory of Human Longevity Inc; research grants with General Electric Healthcare.

Figures

**FIGURE 1**
ENIGMA lifespan samples. Details of each sample are provided Table 1 and in the supplemental material. Abbreviations are provided in Table 1

**FIGURE 2**
Fractional polynomial plots for the volume of the basal ganglia. Fractional Polynomial plots of adjusted volumes (mm³) against age (years) with a fitted regression line (solid line) and 95% confidence intervals (shaded area)

**FIGURE 3**
Fractional polynomial plots for the volume of the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala. Fractional polynomial plots of adjusted volumes (mm³) against age (years) with a fitted regression line (solid line) and 95% confidence intervals (shaded area)

**FIGURE 4**
Centile values for subcortical volumes; Additional details in Tables S6‐S9

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Brain Development Cooperative Group . (2012). Total and regional brain volumes in a population‐based normative sample from 4 to 18 years: The NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 1–12. - PMC - PubMed
1. Calabresi, P. , Picconi, B. , Tozzi, A. , Ghiglieri, V. , & Di Filippo, M. (2014). Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia: A critical reappraisal. Nature Neuroscience, 17, 1022–1030. - PubMed
1. Chudasama, Y. , & Robbins, T. W. (2006). Functions of frontostriatal systems in cognition: Comparative neuropsychopharmacological studies in rats, monkeys and humans. Biological Psychology, 73, 19–38. - PubMed
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1. Dickie, D. A. , Job, D. E. , Gonzalez, D. R. , Shenkin, S. D. , Ahearn, T. S. , Murray, A. D. , & Wardlaw, J. M. (2013). Variance in brain volume with advancing age: Implications for defining the limits of normality. PLoS One, 8, e84093. - PMC - PubMed

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Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

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Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

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Conflict of interest statement

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