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Review
. 2021 Feb 10;11(2):258.
doi: 10.3390/biom11020258.

Cytotoxic Alkaloids Derived from Marine Sponges: A Comprehensive Review

Ahmed M Elissawy  1 , Ebrahim Soleiman Dehkordi  2 , Negin Mehdinezhad  3 , Mohamed L Ashour  1 , Pardis Mohammadi Pour  3
Affiliations
Review

Cytotoxic Alkaloids Derived from Marine Sponges: A Comprehensive Review

Ahmed M Elissawy et al. Biomolecules. .

Abstract

Marine sponges (porifera) have proved to be a prolific source of unique bioactive secondary metabolites, among which the alkaloids occupy a special place in terms of unprecedented structures and outstanding biological activities. Identification of active cytotoxic alkaloids extracted from marine animals, particularly sponges, is an important strive, due to lack of knowledge on traditional experiential and ethnopharmacology investigations. In this report, a comprehensive survey of demospongian bioactive alkaloids in the range 1987-2020 had been performed with a special emphasis on the potent cytotoxic activity. Different resources and databases had been investigated, including Scifinder (database for the chemical literature) CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) search, web of science, Marin Lit (marine natural products research) database. More than 230 representatives of different classes of alkaloids had been reviewed and classified, different genera belonging to the phylum porifera had been shown to be a prolific source of alkaloidal molecules, including Agelas sp., Suberea sp., Mycale sp., Haliclona sp., Epipolasis sp., Monanchora sp., Crambe sp., Reniera sp., and Xestospongia sp., among others. The sufficient production of alkaloids derived from sponges is a prosperous approach that requires more attention in future studies to consider the constraints regarding the supply of drugs, attained from marine organisms.

Keywords: alkaloids; cytotoxicity; marine drugs; secondary metabolites; sponges.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structures of acridine alkaloids isolated from sponges.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Structures of β-carboline alkaloids isolated from sponges.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Structures of bromotyrosine alkaloids isolated from sponges.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Dibrominated and brominated alkaloids from marine sponges.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Dimeric aaptamine alkaloids from marine sponges.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Guanidine alkaloids from marine sponges.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Cytotoxic imidazole alkaloid structures in marine sponges.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Cytotoxic Indol, Bisindol, and Trisindol alkaloid structures in marine sponges.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Peptide alkaloids from sponge.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Piperidine alkaloid structure in marine sponges.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Pyrimidine alkaloid structure isolated from sponges.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Pyridine alkaloids from sponges.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Pyrrole and bromopyrrole alkaloid structures from sponges.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids structures isolated from sponges.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Quinoline and quinolizidine alkaloid structures in sponges.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Tetrahydroisoqouinoline alkaloid structures isolated from sponges.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Steroid alkaloid structures isolated from marine sponges.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Manzamine alkaloid structures isolated from sponges.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Diterpen alkaloid structures isolated from sponges.
Figure 20
Figure 20
Sesquiterpene quinones/hydroquinones alkaloid structures isolated from sponges.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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