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. 2022 Apr;33(4):955-964.
doi: 10.1007/s00192-021-04696-z. Epub 2021 Feb 13.

Urinary and anal incontinence among female gymnasts and cheerleaders-bother and associated factors. A cross-sectional study

Kristina Lindquist Skaug  1 , Marie Ellström Engh  2   3 , Helena Frawley  4 , Kari Bø  5   2
Affiliations

Urinary and anal incontinence among female gymnasts and cheerleaders-bother and associated factors. A cross-sectional study

Kristina Lindquist Skaug et al. Int Urogynecol J. 2022 Apr.

Abstract

Introduction and hypothesis: Artistic gymnastics, team gymnastics and cheerleading are sports including high-impact activities. It is presumed that the athletes' pelvic floor must be functioning well to prevent urinary (UI) and anal incontinence (AI) during sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for UI and AI in female artistic gymnasts, team gymnasts and cheerleaders; the influence of UI and AI on daily living and sport performance; and the athletes' knowledge about the pelvic floor muscles (PFM).

Methods: All female athletes ≥ 12 years of age competing in ≥ 1 National Championship in artistic gymnastics, team gymnastics or cheerleading in 2018/2019 were invited. International Consensus on Incontinence Questionnaires were used to assess the prevalence/bother of UI and AI.

Results: Among the 319 gymnasts and cheerleaders who participated, the prevalence of UI and AI was 67% and 84%, respectively. Age, training ≥ 4 days/week and straining to void were significantly associated with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and years of training with AI. Eighty-three percent of athletes with SUI reported a negative effect on sports performance, 22% would occasionally avoid training or specific exercises because of leakage, and 28% used pads for protection. Forty-one percent of the athletes had never heard about the PFM, and 74% reported an interest in PFM training to prevent/treat UI or AI.

Conclusions: UI and AI were prevalent in female gymnasts and cheerleaders, and SUI negatively influenced sport performance. The athletes' knowledge about the PFM was limited.

Keywords: Anal incontinence; Athletes; Epidemiology; Females; Stress urinary incontinence; Urinary incontinence.

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Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow chart of participant enrollment
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Gymnastic/cheerleading activities provoking urinary leakage among female artistic gymnasts, team gymnasts and cheerleaders with stress urinary incontinence (n = 201)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Impact of urinary leakage on sport performance in female artistic gymnasts, team gymnasts and cheerleaders with stress urinary incontinence (n = 201)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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