Sex- or Gender-specific Differences in the Clinical Presentation, Outcome, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2

doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.01.015

Review

. 2021 Mar;43(3):557-571.e1.

doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.01.015. Epub 2021 Jan 16.

Sex- or Gender-specific Differences in the Clinical Presentation, Outcome, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2

Jeannette Wolfe¹, Basmah Safdar², Tracy E Madsen³, Kinjal N Sethuraman⁴, Bruce Becker³, Marna Rayl Greenberg⁵, Alyson J McGregor³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA. Electronic address: Jeannette.Wolfe@baystatehealth.org.
² Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
³ Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁵ Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network/Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Allentown, PA, USA.

PMID: 33583576
PMCID: PMC7833665
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.01.015

Review

Sex- or Gender-specific Differences in the Clinical Presentation, Outcome, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2

Jeannette Wolfe et al. Clin Ther. 2021 Mar.

. 2021 Mar;43(3):557-571.e1.

doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.01.015. Epub 2021 Jan 16.

Authors

Jeannette Wolfe¹, Basmah Safdar², Tracy E Madsen³, Kinjal N Sethuraman⁴, Bruce Becker³, Marna Rayl Greenberg⁵, Alyson J McGregor³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA. Electronic address: Jeannette.Wolfe@baystatehealth.org.
² Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
³ Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁵ Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network/Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Allentown, PA, USA.

PMID: 33583576
PMCID: PMC7833665
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.01.015

Abstract

This review describes the sex and gender differences in COVID-19 presentation, treatment, and outcomes. We discuss the differences between the sexes in susceptibility to infection, the role of sex chromosomes on the body's immunologic response and the influence of hormones on the body's response to the virus. Additionally, the sex differences in clinical and laboratory presentation, complications of infection and outcomes, as well as differences in response to treatment and prevention are reviewed.

Keywords: Immunology; Sars Cov2; long haulers; sex and gender based medicine; sex-disaggregated analysis.

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References

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[1] World Health Organization (WHO) 2020. WHO Interactive Timeline.https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interact... [WHO website] Available from:

[2] World Health Organization (WHO) 2020. WHO Interactive Timeline.https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interact... [WHO website] Available from:

[3] World Health Organization (WHO) 2020. Timeline of WHO’s Response to COVID-19.https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-06-2020-covidtimeline [WHO website] Available from:

[4] World Health Organization (WHO) 2020. Timeline of WHO’s Response to COVID-19.https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/29-06-2020-covidtimeline [WHO website] Available from:

[5] Borges do Nascimento I.J., Cacic N., Mohamed Abulazeem H., et al. Novel coronavirus infection (Covid-19) in humans: a scoping review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2020;9:941. - PMC - PubMed

[6] Borges do Nascimento I.J., Cacic N., Mohamed Abulazeem H., et al. Novel coronavirus infection (Covid-19) in humans: a scoping review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2020;9:941. - PMC - PubMed

[7] Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41:145–151. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32064853/ [in Chinese] - PubMed

[8] Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41:145–151. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32064853/ [in Chinese] - PubMed

[9] The COVID-19 Sex-Disaggregated Data Tracker. 2020. https://globalhealth5050.org/covid19/sex-disaggregated-data-tracker [Global Health 50/50 website] Available from:

[10] The COVID-19 Sex-Disaggregated Data Tracker. 2020. https://globalhealth5050.org/covid19/sex-disaggregated-data-tracker [Global Health 50/50 website] Available from:

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Sex- or Gender-specific Differences in the Clinical Presentation, Outcome, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2

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Sex- or Gender-specific Differences in the Clinical Presentation, Outcome, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2

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