Beat the stress: breeding for climate resilience in maize for the tropical rainfed environments

Abstract

Intensive public sector breeding efforts and public-private partnerships have led to the increase in genetic gains, and deployment of elite climate-resilient maize cultivars for the stress-prone environments in the tropics. Maize (Zea mays L.) plays a critical role in ensuring food and nutritional security, and livelihoods of millions of resource-constrained smallholders. However, maize yields in the tropical rainfed environments are now increasingly vulnerable to various climate-induced stresses, especially drought, heat, waterlogging, salinity, cold, diseases, and insect pests, which often come in combinations to severely impact maize crops. The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), in partnership with several public and private sector institutions, has been intensively engaged over the last four decades in breeding elite tropical maize germplasm with tolerance to key abiotic and biotic stresses, using an extensive managed stress screening network and on-farm testing system. This has led to the successful development and deployment of an array of elite stress-tolerant maize cultivars across sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Further increasing genetic gains in the tropical maize breeding programs demands judicious integration of doubled haploidy, high-throughput and precise phenotyping, genomics-assisted breeding, breeding data management, and more effective decision support tools. Multi-institutional efforts, especially public-private alliances, are key to ensure that the improved maize varieties effectively reach the climate-vulnerable farming communities in the tropics, including accelerated replacement of old/obsolete varieties.

Fig. 1

Maize germplasm phenotyping/testing network of CIMMYT and partners in the tropics of ESA, Latin America, and Asia

Fig. 2

Phenotypic contrast of maize hybrids under managed drought stress (a), managed heat stress (b), and managed waterlogging stress (c) screening

Fig. 3

Schematic depiction of the maize breeding pipeline of CIMMYT for developing and deploying elite multiple stress-tolerant tropical maize germplasm for sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Fig. 4

Certified seed production volumes (in MT) of CIMMYT/IITA-based improved stress-tolerant maize cultivars in eastern, southern, and West Africa, and overall, in sub-Saharan Africa in 2019