Meta-analysis of retrospective studies suggests that the pre-operative opioid use is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes in total hip and or knee arthroplasty

Abstract

Background: Opioid use is prevalent in the general population. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate whether it affects patient-reported outcomes (PROs) following total hip or knee arthroplasty.

Methods: The following databases were systematically searched on February 5, 2020: Medline, Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Studies were included if they compared patients who received opioids or not before total hip or knee arthroplasty. Outcomes of interest were rates of post-operative revision, peri-prosthetic infection, and readmission.

Results: Ten retrospective studies were included for review. Pre-operative opioid use was identified as a risk factor for post-operative revision [odds ratio (OR) 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15-1.73, p<0.01], peri-prosthetic infection (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.08-1.71, p=0.01), and readmission (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.20-1.75, p<0.01).

Conclusion: The available evidence indicates that pre-operative opioid use increases the risk of adverse outcomes following total hip or knee arthroplasty. Orthopedic physicians should consider these risks when treating their patients.

Keywords: Complication; Meta-analysis; Opioid; Total hip arthroplasty; Total knee arthroplasty.