Multicenter Study

. 2022 Jan;43(1):431-451.

doi: 10.1002/hbm.25364. Epub 2021 Feb 17.

Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Sophia Frangou^#^{1

2}, Amirhossein Modabbernia^#¹, Steven C R Williams³, Efstathios Papachristou⁴, Gaelle E Doucet⁵, Ingrid Agartz^{6

7

8}, Moji Aghajani^{9

10}, Theophilus N Akudjedu^{11

12}, Anton Albajes-Eizagirre^{13

14}, Dag Alnaes^{6

15}, Kathryn I Alpert¹⁶, Micael Andersson¹⁷, Nancy C Andreasen¹⁸, Ole A Andreassen⁶, Philip Asherson¹⁹, Tobias Banaschewski²⁰, Nuria Bargallo^{21

22}, Sarah Baumeister²⁰, Ramona Baur-Streubel²³, Alessandro Bertolino²⁴, Aurora Bonvino²⁵, Dorret I Boomsma²⁵, Stefan Borgwardt²⁶, Josiane Bourque²⁷, Daniel Brandeis²⁰, Alan Breier²⁸, Henry Brodaty²⁹, Rachel M Brouwer³⁰, Jan K Buitelaar^{31

32

33}, Geraldo F Busatto³⁴, Randy L Buckner^{35

36}, Vincent Calhoun³⁷, Erick J Canales-Rodríguez^{13

14}, Dara M Cannon¹², Xavier Caseras³⁸, Francisco X Castellanos³⁹, Simon Cervenka^{8

40}, Tiffany M Chaim-Avancini³⁴, Christopher R K Ching⁴¹, Victoria Chubar⁴², Vincent P Clark^{43

44}, Patricia Conrod⁴⁵, Annette Conzelmann⁴⁶, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro^{14

47}, Fabrice Crivello⁴⁸, Eveline A Crone^{49

50}, Anders M Dale^{51

52}, Udo Dannlowski⁵³, Christopher Davey⁵⁴, Eco J C de Geus²⁵, Lieuwe de Haan⁵⁵, Greig I de Zubicaray⁵⁶, Anouk den Braber²⁵, Erin W Dickie^{57

58}, Annabella Di Giorgio⁵⁹, Nhat Trung Doan⁶, Erlend S Dørum^{6

60

61}, Stefan Ehrlich^{62

63}, Susanne Erk⁶⁴, Thomas Espeseth^{59

65}, Helena Fatouros-Bergman^{8

40}, Simon E Fisher^{33

66}, Jean-Paul Fouche⁶⁷, Barbara Franke^{33

68

69}, Thomas Frodl⁷⁰, Paola Fuentes-Claramonte^{13

14}, David C Glahn⁷¹, Ian H Gotlib⁷², Hans-Jörgen Grabe^{73

74}, Oliver Grimm⁷⁵, Nynke A Groenewold^{67

76}, Dominik Grotegerd⁷⁶, Oliver Gruber⁷⁷, Patricia Gruner^{78

79}, Rachel E Gur^{27

80

81}, Ruben C Gur^{27

80

81}, Tim Hahn⁵³, Ben J Harrison⁸², Catharine A Hartman⁸³, Sean N Hatton⁸⁴, Andreas Heinz⁶⁴, Dirk J Heslenfeld⁸⁵, Derrek P Hibar⁸⁶, Ian B Hickie⁸⁴, Beng-Choon Ho¹⁸, Pieter J Hoekstra⁸⁷, Sarah Hohmann²⁰, Avram J Holmes⁸⁸, Martine Hoogman^{33

68}, Norbert Hosten⁸⁹, Fleur M Howells^{67

76}, Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol³⁰, Chaim Huyser⁹⁰, Neda Jahanshad⁴², Anthony James⁹¹, Terry L Jernigan⁹², Jiyang Jiang²⁹, Erik G Jönsson⁶, John A Joska⁶⁷, Rene Kahn¹, Andrew Kalnin⁹³, Ryota Kanai⁹⁴, Marieke Klein^{33

68

95}, Tatyana P Klyushnik⁹⁶, Laura Koenders⁵⁵, Sanne Koops³⁰, Bernd Krämer⁷⁷, Jonna Kuntsi¹⁹, Jim Lagopoulos⁹⁷, Luisa Lázaro^{14

98}, Irina Lebedeva⁹⁶, Won Hee Lee¹, Klaus-Peter Lesch⁹⁹, Christine Lochner¹⁰⁰, Marise W J Machielsen⁵⁵, Sophie Maingault⁴⁸, Nicholas G Martin¹⁰¹, Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín^{14

102}, David Mataix-Cols^{8

40}, Bernard Mazoyer⁴⁸, Colm McDonald¹², Brenna C McDonald²⁸, Andrew M McIntosh¹⁰³, Katie L McMahon¹⁰⁴, Genevieve McPhilemy¹², Susanne Meinert⁵³, José M Menchón^{14

102}, Sarah E Medland¹⁰¹, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg¹⁰⁵, Jilly Naaijen^{32

33}, Pablo Najt¹², Tomohiro Nakao¹⁰⁶, Jan E Nordvik¹⁰⁷, Lars Nyberg^{17

108}, Jaap Oosterlaan¹⁰⁹, Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz^{14

110

111}, Yannis Paloyelis³, Paul Pauli^{23

112}, Giulio Pergola²⁴, Edith Pomarol-Clotet^{13

14}, Maria J Portella^{13

113}, Steven G Potkin¹¹⁴, Joaquim Radua^{8

22

115}, Andreas Reif⁷⁵, Daniel A Rinker⁶, Joshua L Roffman³⁶, Pedro G P Rosa³⁴, Matthew D Sacchet¹¹⁶, Perminder S Sachdev²⁹, Raymond Salvador¹³, Pascual Sánchez-Juan^{110

117}, Salvador Sarró¹³, Theodore D Satterthwaite²⁷, Andrew J Saykin²⁸, Mauricio H Serpa³⁴, Lianne Schmaal^{118

119}, Knut Schnell¹²⁰, Gunter Schumann^{19

121}, Kang Sim¹²², Jordan W Smoller¹²³, Iris Sommer¹²⁴, Carles Soriano-Mas^{14

102}, Dan J Stein¹⁰⁰, Lachlan T Strike¹²⁵, Suzanne C Swagerman²⁵, Christian K Tamnes^{6

7

126}, Henk S Temmingh⁶⁷, Sophia I Thomopoulos⁴¹, Alexander S Tomyshev⁹⁶, Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez^{13

127}, Julian N Trollor²⁹, Jessica A Turner¹²⁸, Anne Uhlmann⁶⁷, Odile A van den Heuvel⁹, Dennis van den Meer^{6

15

129}, Nic J A van der Wee^{130

131}, Neeltje E M van Haren¹³², Dennis van 't Ent²⁵, Theo G M van Erp^{114

133

134}, Ilya M Veer⁶⁴, Dick J Veltman⁹, Aristotle Voineskos^{57

58}, Henry Völzke^{134

135

136}, Henrik Walter⁶⁴, Esther Walton¹³⁷, Lei Wang¹³⁸, Yang Wang¹³⁹, Thomas H Wassink¹⁸, Bernd Weber¹⁴⁰, Wei Wen²⁹, John D West²⁸, Lars T Westlye⁶⁰, Heather Whalley¹⁰³, Lara M Wierenga¹⁴¹, Katharina Wittfeld^{73

74}, Daniel H Wolf²⁷, Amanda Worker², Margaret J Wright¹²⁵, Kun Yang¹⁴², Yulyia Yoncheva¹⁴³, Marcus V Zanetti^{34

144}, Georg C Ziegler¹⁴⁵; Karolinska Schizophrenia Project (KaSP); Paul M Thompson⁴¹, Danai Dima^{3

146}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.
² Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
³ Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁴ Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁵ Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
⁶ Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁷ Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁸ Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁰ Section Forensic Family & Youth Care, Institute of Education & Child Studies, Leiden University, Netherlands.
¹¹ Institute of Medical Imaging and Visualisation, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom.
¹² Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
¹³ FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁴ Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁵ Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁶ Radiologics, Inc, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
¹⁹ Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
²⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
²¹ Imaging Diagnostic Centre, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona University Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
²² August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institut (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
²³ Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
²⁴ Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
²⁵ Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
²⁶ Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
²⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁸ Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
²⁹ Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
³⁰ Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
³¹ Donders Center of Medical Neurosciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³² Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³³ Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³⁴ Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
³⁵ Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁷ Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, USA Neurology, Radiology, Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
³⁸ MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
³⁹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
⁴⁰ Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴¹ Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA.
⁴² Mind-Body Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴³ Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴⁴ Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
⁴⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁴⁷ HU Virgen del Rocio, IBiS, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
⁴⁸ Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
⁴⁹ Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen, Instituut Psychologie, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁵¹ Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
⁵² Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
⁵³ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany.
⁵⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁵⁵ Academisch Medisch Centrum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁶ Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
⁵⁷ Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Campbell, Canada.
⁵⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
⁵⁹ Biological Psychiatry Lab, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
⁶⁰ Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁶¹ Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway.
⁶² Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶³ Faculty of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶⁴ Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁶⁵ Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁶ Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁶⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁶⁸ Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁶⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁷¹ Department of Psychiatry, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷² Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
⁷³ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁷⁴ German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁷⁵ Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁷⁶ Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁷⁷ Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁷⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁷⁹ Learning Based Recovery Center, VA Connecticut Health System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁸⁰ Lifespan Brain Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸¹ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸² Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Center, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸³ Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
⁸⁴ Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
⁸⁵ Departments of Experimental and Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁸⁶ Personalized Healthcare, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA.
⁸⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
⁸⁸ Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁸⁹ Norbert Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁹⁰ De Bascule, Academic Centre for Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
⁹² Center for Human Development, Departments of Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
⁹³ Department of Radiology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
⁹⁴ Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
⁹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
⁹⁶ Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
⁹⁷ Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience, Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.
⁹⁸ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁹⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁰⁰ SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
¹⁰¹ Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁰² Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰³ Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
¹⁰⁴ School of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Clinical Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
¹⁰⁷ CatoSenteret Rehabilitation Hospital, Son, Norway.
¹⁰⁸ Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹¹⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital "Marques de Valdecilla", Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.
¹¹¹ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
¹¹² Centre of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹¹³ Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
¹¹⁵ Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹¹⁶ Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹⁷ Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valderrebollo, Spain.
¹¹⁸ Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
¹¹⁹ Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
¹²⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
¹²¹ Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹²² Department of General Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
¹²³ Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹²⁴ Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
¹²⁵ Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
¹²⁶ PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹²⁷ Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Cantabria, Spain.
¹²⁸ College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
¹²⁹ School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
¹³⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹³¹ Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹³² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
¹³³ Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
¹³⁴ Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁵ German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁶ German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
¹³⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
¹³⁹ Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
¹⁴⁰ Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
¹⁴¹ Developmental and Educational Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁴² National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
¹⁴³ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center, NYU Langone Health, New York City, New York, USA.
¹⁴⁴ Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁴⁵ Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City University of London, London, United Kingdom.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 33595143
PMCID: PMC8675431
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25364

Multicenter Study

Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

Sophia Frangou et al. Hum Brain Mapp. 2022 Jan.

. 2022 Jan;43(1):431-451.

doi: 10.1002/hbm.25364. Epub 2021 Feb 17.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.
² Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
³ Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁴ Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁵ Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
⁶ Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁷ Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
⁸ Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁰ Section Forensic Family & Youth Care, Institute of Education & Child Studies, Leiden University, Netherlands.
¹¹ Institute of Medical Imaging and Visualisation, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom.
¹² Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics and NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
¹³ FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁴ Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
¹⁵ Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁶ Radiologics, Inc, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
¹⁹ Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
²⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
²¹ Imaging Diagnostic Centre, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona University Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
²² August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institut (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
²³ Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
²⁴ Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
²⁵ Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
²⁶ Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
²⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
²⁸ Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
²⁹ Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
³⁰ Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
³¹ Donders Center of Medical Neurosciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³² Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³³ Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³⁴ Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
³⁵ Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁷ Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, USA Neurology, Radiology, Psychiatry and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
³⁸ MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
³⁹ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
⁴⁰ Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴¹ Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA.
⁴² Mind-Body Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴³ Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴⁴ Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
⁴⁶ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
⁴⁷ HU Virgen del Rocio, IBiS, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
⁴⁸ Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
⁴⁹ Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen, Instituut Psychologie, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁵¹ Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
⁵² Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
⁵³ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Germany.
⁵⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁵⁵ Academisch Medisch Centrum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁵⁶ Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
⁵⁷ Kimel Family Translational Imaging Genetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Campbell, Canada.
⁵⁸ Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
⁵⁹ Biological Psychiatry Lab, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
⁶⁰ Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁶¹ Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway.
⁶² Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶³ Faculty of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
⁶⁴ Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁶⁵ Bjørknes College, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁶ Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁶⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁶⁸ Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁶⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
⁷¹ Department of Psychiatry, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
⁷² Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
⁷³ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁷⁴ German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁷⁵ Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁷⁶ Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁷⁷ Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁷⁸ Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁷⁹ Learning Based Recovery Center, VA Connecticut Health System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁸⁰ Lifespan Brain Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸¹ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸² Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Center, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸³ Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
⁸⁴ Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
⁸⁵ Departments of Experimental and Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁸⁶ Personalized Healthcare, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA.
⁸⁷ Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
⁸⁸ Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
⁸⁹ Norbert Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
⁹⁰ De Bascule, Academic Centre for Children and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
⁹² Center for Human Development, Departments of Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
⁹³ Department of Radiology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
⁹⁴ Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya, Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
⁹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
⁹⁶ Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
⁹⁷ Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience, Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.
⁹⁸ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁹⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁰⁰ SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
¹⁰¹ Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁰² Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰³ Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
¹⁰⁴ School of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Clinical Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
¹⁰⁷ CatoSenteret Rehabilitation Hospital, Son, Norway.
¹⁰⁸ Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹¹⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital "Marques de Valdecilla", Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.
¹¹¹ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
¹¹² Centre of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹¹³ Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹¹⁴ Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
¹¹⁵ Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹¹⁶ Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹⁷ Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valderrebollo, Spain.
¹¹⁸ Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
¹¹⁹ Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
¹²⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
¹²¹ Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹²² Department of General Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
¹²³ Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹²⁴ Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
¹²⁵ Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
¹²⁶ PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹²⁷ Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Cantabria, Spain.
¹²⁸ College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
¹²⁹ School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
¹³⁰ Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹³¹ Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹³² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
¹³³ Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
¹³⁴ Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁵ German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁶ German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
¹³⁷ Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
¹³⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
¹³⁹ Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
¹⁴⁰ Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
¹⁴¹ Developmental and Educational Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁴² National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
¹⁴³ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center, NYU Langone Health, New York City, New York, USA.
¹⁴⁴ Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁴⁵ Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City University of London, London, United Kingdom.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 33595143
PMCID: PMC8675431
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25364

Abstract

Delineating the association of age and cortical thickness in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behavior. Previous research has shown that robust estimates of the association between age and brain morphometry require large-scale studies. In response, we used cross-sectional data from 17,075 individuals aged 3-90 years from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to infer age-related changes in cortical thickness. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to quantify the association between age and cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Interindividual variability was estimated using meta-analysis and one-way analysis of variance. For most regions, their highest cortical thickness value was observed in childhood. Age and cortical thickness showed a negative association; the slope was steeper up to the third decade of life and more gradual thereafter; notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar, and anterior cingulate cortices. Interindividual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results may form the basis of further investigation on normative deviation in cortical thickness and its significance for behavioral and cognitive outcomes.

Keywords: aging; cortical thickness; development; trajectories.

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Conflict of interest statement

Hans Jörgen Grabe: Travel grants and speaker honoraria from Fresenius Medical Care, Neuraxpharm, Servier and Janssen Cilag; reseach funding from Fresenius Medical Care. Ole A Andreasen: Consultant to HealthLytix, speaker honorarium from Lundbeck. Anders M Dale: Founder and member of the Scientific Advisory Board CorTechs Labs, Inc where he holds equity; member of the Scientific Advisory of Human Longevity Inc; research grants with General Electric Healthcare.

Figures

**FIGURE 1**
ENIGMA Lifespan samples. Abbreviations are explained in Table 1; further details of each sample are provided in the supplemental material

**FIGURE 2**
Illustrative Fractional Polynomial Plots for the association of age and cortical thickness. We present exemplars from each lobe as derived from fractional polynomial analyses of the entire data set. Details regarding the association of age and thickness for all cortical regions (for the entire data set and separately for males and females) are given in the supplementary material

**FIGURE 3**
Correlation between age and cortical thickness across age‐groups. Left panel: early life age‐group (3–29 years); Middle panel: middle life age‐group (30–59 years); Right panel: late life age‐group (60–90 years). Blue hues = negative correlations; Red hues = positive correlations

**FIGURE 4**
Interindividual variability in cortical thickness across the lifespan. The plot presents the pooled SD in regional cortical thickness values om the early, middle and late life age‐groups

**FIGURE 5**
Illustrative normative centile curves of cortical thickness. We present exemplar sets of centile curves for each lobe as derived from LMS of the entire data set. Normative centile curves for all cortical regions (for the entire data set and separately for males and females) are given in the supplementary material

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

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Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years

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