Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Dec 31;18(1):1868820.
doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1868820. Epub 2021 Feb 17.

Endemicity change of hepatitis A infection necessitates vaccination in food handlers: An Indian perspective

Bhaskar Shenoy  1 , Anar Andani  2 , Shafi Kolhapure  3 , Ashish Agrawal  4 , Jaydeep Mazumdar  5
Affiliations
Review

Endemicity change of hepatitis A infection necessitates vaccination in food handlers: An Indian perspective

Bhaskar Shenoy et al. Hum Vaccin Immunother. .

Abstract

In the last two decades, outbreaks due to the foodborne hepatitis A virus (HAV) have been frequently reported in India, with adolescents and adults primarily affected. In India, most food handlers are adolescents and young adults who might be exposed to unsatisfactory environmental conditions and poor water quality. This increases the risk of HAV infection and consequently compounds the risk of HAV transmission from food handlers to susceptible populations. Given the shift in hepatitis A endemicity from high to intermediate levels in India, implementing the vaccination of food handlers has become important as it can also contribute to the elimination of hepatitis A in India. This narrative review makes a case for hepatitis A immunization of food handlers in India considering the growing food industry, evolving food culture, and the substantial burden caused by hepatitis A outbreaks.

Keywords: Hepatitis A virus; India; adolescent; adult; control measures; endemicity; food handler; food safety; outbreak; public health; vaccination.

Plain language summary

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARYWhat is the context?Hepatitis A disease is a common form of viral hepatitis and is transmitted through contaminated food and water or through close contact with an infected person. The virus with stands high temperature and can survive on surfaces for long periods of time.In India, the burden of hepatitis A has shifted from children to adolescents and adults who are more culnerable to infection. They present a high risk of complications, often requiring hopitalization.The prevention of the disease has often bee neglected, inadequate safety measures for the preparation of food (via food handlers) is a known risk factor for the transmission of hepatitis A.What is new?Our review highlights the relationship between food handling and hepatitis A infection among adolescents and adults in Inida.The lack of knowledge of food safety regulations and hygiene measures among food handlers and the organizations that guide them may contribute to the spread of hepatitis A.What is the impact?Sanitation efforts, awareness and educational programs for food are needed to help reduce the transmission of hepatitis A virus and disease, yet these measures alone may not be sufficient.Vaccination among high-risk populations such as food handlers can prevent hepatitis A infection and its complications as well as transmission.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Habits of eating outside in India (number of times per week) per age group. Source: Adapted from Srividhya, 2014.yrs, years
None
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. Washington (DC): Public Health Foundation. 2015. [accessed 2020 Jul 03]. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html.
    1. Sinha A, Dutta S. Waterborne & foodborne viral hepatitis: a public health perspective. Indian J Med Res. 2019;150(5):432–8. doi:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1430_18. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. World Health Organization . Position paper on hepatitis A vaccines: june 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012. 28-29: 285-286. [accessed 2020 Jan 02]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/241938/WER8728_29_261-2....
    1. World Health Organization . The immunological basis for immunization series: module 18: hepatitis A. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. [accessed 2020 Oct 15]. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326501/97892516327-eng.....
    1. Randazzo W, Sánchez G.. Hepatitis A infections from food. J Appl Microbiol. 2020. [accessed 2020 Jul 03];129:1120–32. doi:10.1111/jam.14727. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources