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Review
. 2021 Feb 17;11(1):29.
doi: 10.1186/s13568-021-01189-6.

Classification of acetic acid bacteria and their acid resistant mechanism

Xiaoman Qiu  1   2 , Yao Zhang  1   2 , Housheng Hong  3   4
Affiliations
Review

Classification of acetic acid bacteria and their acid resistant mechanism

Xiaoman Qiu et al. AMB Express. .

Abstract

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are obligate aerobic Gram-negative bacteria that are commonly used in vinegar fermentation because of their strong capacity for ethanol oxidation and acetic acid synthesis as well as their acid resistance. However, low biomass and low production rate due to acid stress are still major challenges that must be overcome in industrial processes. Although acid resistance in AAB is important to the production of high acidity vinegar, the acid resistance mechanisms of AAB have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we discuss the classification of AAB species and their metabolic processes and review potential acid resistance factors and acid resistance mechanisms in various strains. In addition, we analyze the quorum sensing systems of Komagataeibacter and Gluconacetobacter to provide new ideas for investigation of acid resistance mechanisms in AAB in the form of signaling pathways. The results presented herein will serve as an important reference for selective breeding of high acid resistance AAB and optimization of acetic acid fermentation processes.

Keywords: Acetic acid bacteria; Acid resistance mechanism; Genus and species classification; Metabolic regulatory; Quorum sensing; Signaling pathways.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The metabolic pathways and mechanism of acetic acid resistance recorded in AAB. a The ethanol oxidation respiratory chain pathway; b The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathway; c The heat stress proteins (HSPs); d A putative schematic representation of quorum sensing (QS) regulating modules in the cell membrane of Gluconacetobacter intermedius; e The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter; f The proton motive force-driven efflux pumps. ADH, Alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH, Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase; UQ, Ubiquinone; TO, Terminal oxidase; PDB, Pyruvate decarboxylase; PDH, Pyruvate dehydrogenase; CS, Citrate synthase; CA, Cis aconitase; ICDH, Isocitrate dehydrogenase; KDH, Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; SUCS, Succinyl CoA synthase; SDH, Succinate dehydrogenase; FS, Fumarate synthase; MDH, Malate dehydrogenase; EMP, Glycolytic pathway; HMS, Hexose monophosphate shunt
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The possible quorum sensing system model in Komagataeibacter and Gluconacetobacter. The red dotted line and “?” refer to the potential relationship or the process have not been identified. The abbreviation of HK refer to histidine kinase
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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