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. 2021 Jan 25:11:631792.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.631792. eCollection 2020.

Characterizing Pathways of Non-oral Prescription Stimulant Non-medical Use Among Adults Recruited From Reddit

Suzanne K Vosburg  1 , Rebekkah S Robbins  1 , Kevin M Antshel  2 , Stephen V Faraone  3 , Jody L Green  1
Affiliations

Characterizing Pathways of Non-oral Prescription Stimulant Non-medical Use Among Adults Recruited From Reddit

Suzanne K Vosburg et al. Front Psychiatry. .

Abstract

Objective: Prescription stimulant non-medical use (NMU) is a national predicament. While the risks of prescription stimulant NMU have been considered, less is known about non-oral use. To focus on this gap, a sample of adults with non-oral prescription stimulant NMU within the last 5-years was recruited. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the pathways and substance transitions associated with prescription stimulant NMU and non-oral prescription stimulant NMU in this unique sample of adults. Methods: Adults (n = 225) reporting non-oral prescription stimulant NMU within the last 5 years were recruited to complete an online survey by banner ads placed on the Reddit website between February and September 2019. After completion of the survey, a second study consisting of an in-depth telephone interview was conducted with 23 participants: interviews took place between July and September 2019. Data reported here include substance, route of administration and class transitions, as well as qualitative data from the interviews. Results: Approximately 1 in 5 began their substance use trajectory with prescription stimulants (19.1%). Other than marijuana, most exposures to illicit substances occurred after both initial prescription stimulant NMU and initial non-oral prescription stimulant NMU. The most frequently reported route of administration transition was from oral use to snorting (n = 158, 70.2%), however, other route of administration transitions included oral use to injection drug use (n = 14, 6%). In-depth interviews elaborated upon these transitions and indicated that prescription stimulant NMU was consequential to substance use pathways. Conclusions: Oral prescription stimulant NMU was a precursor to non-oral prescription stimulant NMU. Non-oral prescription stimulant NMU was a precursor to illicit substance use, suggesting that prescription stimulant NMU impacts substance use pathways and revealing opportunities for intervention.

Keywords: ADHD; prescription stimulant non-medical use; prescription stimulant non-oral use; prescription stimulants; transitions.

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Conflict of interest statement

RR and JG are employees of Inflexxion, an IBH Company. SV is an independent scientific writer who contracts with Inflexxion. Inflexxion contracts with FDA and multiple companies with interests in some of the products included in the compounds evaluated for this article. Although the sponsor was involved in reviewing the content of this article, all data collection, analysis, and ultimate data interpretation were made by the authors without sponsor influence. KA serves as an Advisor to Arbor Pharmaceutical Company and receives research funding from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. In the past year, SF received income, potential income, travel expenses continuing education support, and/or research support from Takeda, OnDosis, Tris, Otsuka, Arbor, Ironshore, Rhodes, Akili Interactive Labs, Sunovion, Supernus, and Genomind. With his institution, he has US patent US20130217707 A1 for the use of sodium-hydrogen exchange inhibitors in the treatment of ADHD, receives royalties from books published by Guilford Press: Straight Talk about Your Child's Mental Health, Oxford University Press: Schizophrenia: The Facts and Elsevier: ADHD: Non-Pharmacologic Interventions, and also Program Director of www.adhdinadults.com.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mean age ± 95% CI of initial prescription stimulant NMU and illicit substance use among individuals reporting non-oral prescription stimulant NMU (n = 225).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Route of administration transitions for prescription stimulants. Note that linear depiction is only for purposes of illustration. Routes of administration vary as necessitated by access and situation. (A) Oral prescription stimulant use first (n = 173, 76.9%), (B) Intranasal prescription stimulant use first (n = 52, 23.1%).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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