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. 2021 Jan 29:2021:6659902.
doi: 10.1155/2021/6659902. eCollection 2021.

On the Suitability of Almond Shells for the Manufacture of a Natural Low-Cost Bioadsorbent to Remove Brilliant Green: Kinetics and Equilibrium Isotherms Study

R Melhaoui  1 , Y Miyah  2 , S Kodad  1 , N Houmy  1 , M Addi  1 , M Abid  1 , A Mihamou  1 , H Serghini-Caid  1 , S Lairini  2 , N Tijani  3 , C Hano  4 , A Elamrani  1
Affiliations

On the Suitability of Almond Shells for the Manufacture of a Natural Low-Cost Bioadsorbent to Remove Brilliant Green: Kinetics and Equilibrium Isotherms Study

R Melhaoui et al. ScientificWorldJournal. .

Abstract

Almond production generates a large number of coproducts, but the farmer's interest mainly focuses on the nutritional and commercial aspects of the kernel for getting the best return from their harvests. Thus, almond coproducts such as almond shells that represent more than 70% of biomass remain underexplored. In this work, the suitability of almond shell powder (ASP) as a natural low-cost adsorbent was evaluated in the adsorption of brilliant green dye (BG), which is known as a chemical pollutant. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, for the determination of specific surface area, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were performed to characterize the ASP adsorbent. The batch adsorption kinetic study for the removal of BG dye was carried out by varying pH, temperature, initial concentration of the dye, bioadsorbent dose, and contact time. It was found that 98% of BG dye is removed under the following optimal experimental conditions: ASP bioadsorbent dose of 1 g/L at T = 25°C, pH = 6.8, and C 0 = 1 g/L, which proves that ASP can be used as an excellent low-cost bioadsorbent for the removal of BG dye from wastewater. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The results show the best correlation with single-layer adsorption, and the adsorption kinetics seems to follow a pseudo-second-order model.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The followed steps in the preparation of adsorbent powder from almond shells: almond shells' grinding, sieving, and size grading. Almond shell powder (ASP) for adsorption essays.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FTIR spectrum of the analyzed almond shell powder (ASP).
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM micrographs coupled by EDX of almond shell powder (ASP) at different magnifications, showing surface morphology and porous structure.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Percentage removal efficiency of BG and the amount adsorbed as a function of the adsorbent dose. Adsorbent amount range: 0.5–2 g/L, pH: 6.8, initial dye concentration of dye: 50 mg/L, V = 200 mL, T: 25°C, and contact time: 15 min.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of contact time and the initial concentration of BG on the adsorption capacities of ASP. Interval of initial concentration: 20–50 mg/L, pH: 6.8, adsorbent amount: W: 0.2 g, V: 200 mL, and T: 25°C.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of pH solution in the removal of BG dye. pH range: 4–10, adsorbent amount: 0.2 g, initial dye concentration: 50 mg/L, V: 200 mL, and T: 25°C.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Effect of temperature on adsorption of BG dye onto ASP. Adsorbent amount: 0.2 g, initial BG dye concentration: 50 mg/L, V = 200 ml, and temperature range: 20–50°C.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Pseudo-second-order kinetic model for the adsorption of BG onto ASP.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Intraparticle diffusion mechanism for different initial concentrations.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Isotherm model for BG dye adsorption: (a) and (b) Langmuir isotherm model; (c) and (d) Freundlich isotherm model.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Variation of partition coefficient Kd as a function of 1/T. Temperature range: 20–50°C, adsorbent amount (ASP): 0.2 g, initial BG dye concentration: 50 mg/L, and V: 200 ml.
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