How different are the arsenic fractions inhibit alkaline phosphatases on aggregates scale?

Abstract

Arsenate [As(V)], in general, is associated with various aggregates and exists as different species in soil, which in turn influences its toxicity and potential contamination. Previous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of alkaline phosphatases (ALP) to evaluate As(V) pollution. However, the effect of different arsenic fractions on ALP among soil aggregates is still unclear. Thus, the distribution of As fractions and ALP kinetics was determined in four-month As-aged paddy soil aggregates. Results revealed the two major fractions of As in aggregates were humic-bound and Fe and Mn oxides-bound [both around 30% under 800 mg kg^-1 of As(V)]. Besides, it was observed that available soil phosphorus could positively affect the relative content of water-soluble, exchangeable and carbonate-bound arsenic. In the kinetics experiment, both the Michaelis-Menten constant (K_m) and maximum reaction velocity (V_max) of ALP increased with increasing As(V) concentration under four months ageing for each size aggregate. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis between k_cat and the relative content of arsenic fraction indicated that carbonate-bound arsenic is the main fraction that inhibited the k_cat for macroaggregates (> 0.25 mm size). For soil aggregates of 0.1-0.25 mm size, k_cat increased with an increase in arsenic residual fraction. As for aggregates <0.1 mm size, Fe and Mn oxide-bound fraction is the main fraction that inhibited the k_cat. Overall, this study suggests carbonate-bound and Fe and Mn oxide-bound arsenic fractions could decrease the ALP activities via a decrease in the catalytic efficiency in macroaggregates and <0.1 mm size aggregates, respectively. Besides, available phosphorus should be considered as the main factor when assessing As biotoxicity and mobility.

Keywords: Alkaline phosphatase; Arsenic fractions; Kinetics; Soil aggregates.