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Review
. 2021 Mar;14(3):331-346.
doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.023. Epub 2020 Dec 29.

Risk management strategies and therapeutic modalities to tackle COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2

Syed Muhammad Ali Shah  1 , Tahir Rasheed  2 , Komal Rizwan  3 , Muhammad Bilal  4 , Hafiz M N Iqbal  5 , Nasir Rasool  6 , Sebastian Toma  7 , Luigi Geo Marceanu  8 , Elena Bobescu  8
Affiliations
Review

Risk management strategies and therapeutic modalities to tackle COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2

Syed Muhammad Ali Shah et al. J Infect Public Health. 2021 Mar.

Abstract

The recent emergence of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) triggered by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in substantial mortality worldwide. Presently, there is no approved treatment for COVID-19. Consequently, the clinical, scientific, and regulatory authorities have joint efforts to reduce the severe impact of COVID-19. To date, there is minimal arsenal with no definite curative drugs, licensed-vaccines, or therapeutic conducts to combat the COVID-19 infections. Keeping in view the threats of this pandemic, various global organizations, physicians, researchers, and scientists, are trying to recognize the epidemiological characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19 to discover potential treatment regimens, vaccines, and therapeutic modes for future anticipation. Herein, we summarize a contemporary overview of curative invasions and vaccines for COVID-19 based on the earlier information and considerate of similar earlier RNA coronaviruses. The information reviewed here establishes a paramount intellectual basis to promote ongoing research to develop vaccines and curative agents. Thus, this review suggests the furthermost accessible frontiers in the vaccine development to tackle or combat the COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords: Anti-viral drugs; COVID-19; Personal-level prevention; Therapeutics; Transmission.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Safety information and precautionary measures to put the current 2019-nCoV/COVID-19 outbreak in perspective. The Figure was created with the “BioRender.com” template and exported under the terms of premium subscription.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
(A) Viral entry mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, and (B) Proposed therapeutic treatments for COVID-19 targeting ACE2 receptors and RBD of spike protein. The Figure was created with “BioRender.com” template and exported under the terms of premium subscription.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Potential Drug candidates evaluated against COVID-19.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Potential Mechanisms of action of Chloroquine (CQ) against Coronaviruses. CQ can interfere with the glycosylation of ACE2 and reduce the binding efficiency between ACE2 on the host cells and the spike protein on the surface of the coronavirus. They can also increase the pH of endosomes and lysosomes, through which the fusion process of the virus with host cells and subsequent replication are prevented. As a result, administration of CQ not only blocks the invasion and replication of coronavirus, but also attenuates the possibility of cytokine storm. The Figure was created with “BioRender.com” template and exported under the terms of premium subscription.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Potential mechanisms of action of Remdesivir against Coronaviruses. The Figure was created with “BioRender.com” template and exported under the terms of premium subscription.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Baricitnib effect on COVID-19 and CSS by suppressing JAK 1/2 kinases pathway. Reprinted from Ref. [95] with permission from Elsevier. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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