Biosensors promising bio-device for pandemic screening "COVID-19"

Abstract

Undoubtedly, the coronavirus pandemic is one of the most influential events not only in medicine but also in the economic field in the world. Rapid transmission and high mortality rates, as well as prolonged and asymptomatic communal periods, are the most important reasons for the global panic due to coronavirus. Since coronavirus treatment and specific vaccines are not yet available, early detection of the virus is critical. A rapid and accurate diagnosis can play a crucial role in the treatment and control of the COVID 19 disease. Serological, ELISA, and molecular-based tests, including PCR and RT-PCR, are among the most important routine methods for detecting coronaviruses. False-positive/negative results, low sensitivity and specificity, and the need for advanced equipment are among the disadvantages and problems of routine methods. To eliminate the drawbacks of routine methods, new technologies are being developed. Biosensors are one of the most important ones. This paper is a summary of the up-to-date states of innovative bio-sensing tools for the ultrasensitive detection of coronaviruses (COVID 19) with encouraging uses for future challenges in disease diagnosis.

Keywords: Biosensors; Conventional methods; Coronaviruses (COVID 19); Pandemic.

Fig. 1

CT scan of the/a COVID-19 patient, Un-enhanced CT images: A, B, Images displays ground-glass opacities in the right lung. C, D, Images attained two days later shows progressive ground-glass opacities through minor parts of consolidation in the center. E, On the sixth day, images display the amount, density, and range of lesions in the right lung enlarged extra. F, G, H, Images attained on the 9-th day exhibit that lesions grown further and complicated both lungs, with thickened interlobular septa around the lesion in the upper lobe of the right lung, and the presence of small two-sided pleural effusions .

Fig. 2

The mechanism of targeting RNA and DNA by the CRISPR/Cas systems and interfering with nucleic acid sequences of viruses, phages, and plasmids, Otherwise, the capacity of CRISPR/ Cas systems to obstruct the transfer of specific nucleic acid sequences such as plasmid DNA or phage into a host might be exploited via genetic engineering to precisely prevent the distribution of adverse genetic elements, such as antibiotic-resistance markers and genes harmful to humans and other living organisms. It may also be planned to limit the intracellular extent of mobile genetic elements such as insertion sequences (IS) and transposons. On the other hand, to providing immunity, CRISPR/Cas systems that target RNA have the potential to affect the transcript stability of chromosomal elements .

Fig. 3

Design and working principle of the AIOD-CRISPR assay, (A) Representation of the AIOD-CRISPR assay system. SSB, single-stranded DNA binding protein. (B) Improvement and assessment of the AIOD-CRISPR assay system. The ssDNA-FQ reporter was labeled by 5′ 6-FAM (Fluorescein) fluorophore and 3′ Iowa Black® FQ quencher. (i) Eight reaction systems with several components and their endpoint images after incubation. (ii) Denaturing PAGE analysis of the AIOD-CRISPR products. (iii) Real-time fluorescence detection of the AIOD-CRISPR assay for eight reaction systems with various components .

Fig. 4

Conventional methods of detecting coronavirus and the time required, A) Various Covid-19 detection methods, including antibody-antigenic based methods (serology) and molecular-based methods including PCR and RPCR. B) Duration of antibodies advent to virus infection and the possibility of serological test application.

Fig. 5

Schematic illustration of biosensors and components on a proposed platform. The figure includes the introduction of various analyzers, bio-receptors and transducers used in biosensors technology.

Fig. 6

Various type of the biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection . A) CRISPR based nucleic acid (RNA) detection . B) FET based biosensor operation , C) AuNPs based FTO electrode biosensor , D) Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) based biosensor, E) 2D gold Nano-islands (AuNIs) functionalized biosensors .

Fig. 7

Illustration of proposed SPR based biosensor for detection of coronaviral surface antigen (SCVme), AFM images of the sequential binding of GBP-E-SCVme and anti-SCVme on the gold-micro-patterned surface. (A) Bare gold surface, (B) binding of the GBP-E-SCVme fusion proteins onto the gold surface, and (C) subsequent binding of the anti-SCVme antibodies on the GBP-E-SCVme layer. Left, representation plans for the successive binding of GBP-E-SCVme and anti-SCVme on the gold micro-patterns; middle, three-dimensional topological images; right, the cross-sectional contours of samples a–c, sequentially (these are average height differences of the individual scan lines from each area) .

Fig. 8

Illustration of immunosensor for detection of HCoV and MERS-CoV proteins, (A) COV immunosensor array chip (B), The immunosensor fabrication steps (C) The detection process of the competitive immunosensor for the virus .

Fig. 9

A field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors for detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody, Graphene as a sensing material is selected and SARS-CoV-2 spike an antibody is conjugated on the graphene sheet by 1-pyrenebutyric acid n-hydroxysuccinimide ester, which is an interfacing molecular as a probe linker .