G-quadruplexes: a promising target for cancer therapy

Abstract

DNA and RNA can fold into a variety of alternative conformations. In recent years, a particular nucleic acid structure was discussed to play a role in malignant transformation and cancer development. This structure is called a G-quadruplex (G4). G4 structure formation can drive genome instability by creating mutations, deletions and stimulating recombination events. The importance of G4 structures in the characterization of malignant cells was currently demonstrated in breast cancer samples. In this analysis a correlation between G4 structure formation and an increased intratumor heterogeneity was identified. This suggests that G4 structures might allow breast cancer stratification and supports the identification of new personalized treatment options. Because of the stability of G4 structures and their presence within most human oncogenic promoters and at telomeres, G4 structures are currently tested as a therapeutic target to downregulate transcription or to block telomere elongation in cancer cells. To date, different chemical molecules (G4 ligands) have been developed that aim to target G4 structures. In this review we discuss and compare G4 function and relevance for therapeutic approaches and their impact on cancer development for three cancer entities, which differ significantly in their amount and type of mutations: pancreatic cancer, leukemia and malignant melanoma. G4 structures might present a promising new strategy to individually target tumor cells and could support personalized treatment approaches in the future.

Keywords: G-quadruplex; acute myeloid leukemia; cancer progression; cancer therapy; genome instability; malignant melanoma; pancreatic cancer.

Fig. 1

Schematic overview of the effects of G4 ligands on cancer cells. Most G4 ligands cause slow growth. These growth changes are the consequence of alteration within biological processes. Depending on the ligand and cell type G4 stabilization can lead to changes in a telomere maintenance b gene expression of oncogenes c increased genome instability. Created with BioRender.