. 2021 Feb;17(2):295-313.

doi: 10.1002/alz.12202. Epub 2020 Nov 20.

Dementia in Latin America: Paving the way toward a regional action plan

Mario Alfredo Parra¹, Sandra Baez², Lucas Sedeño³, Cecilia Gonzalez Campo⁴, Hernando Santamaría-García⁵, Ivan Aprahamian⁶, Paulo Hf Bertolucci⁷, Julian Bustin⁸, Maria Aparecida Camargos Bicalho⁹, Carlos Cano-Gutierrez¹⁰, Paulo Caramelli¹¹, Marcia L F Chaves¹², Patricia Cogram¹³, Bárbara Costa Beber¹⁴, Felipe A Court¹⁵, Leonardo Cruz de Souza¹¹, Nilton Custodio¹⁶, Andres Damian¹⁷, Myriam de la Cruz¹⁸, Roberta Diehl Rodriguez¹⁹, Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki²⁰, Lais Fajersztajn²¹, Gonzalo A Farías²², Fernanda G De Felice²³, Raffaele Ferrari²⁴, Fabricio Ferreira de Oliveira⁷, Sergio T Ferreira²⁵, Ceres Ferretti²⁶, Marcio Luiz Figueredo Balthazar²⁷, Norberto Anizio Ferreira Frota²⁸, Patricio Fuentes²⁹, Adolfo M García³⁰, Patricia J Garcia³¹, Fábio Henrique de Gobbi Porto³², Lissette Duque Peñailillo³³, Henry Willy Engler³⁴, Irene Maier³⁵, Ignacio F Mata³⁶, Christian Gonzalez-Billault³⁷, Oscar L Lopez³⁸, Laura Morelli³⁹, Ricardo Nitrini⁴⁰, Yakeel T Quiroz⁴¹, Alejandra Guerrero Barragan⁴², David Huepe⁴³, Fabricio Joao Pio⁴⁴, Claudia Kimie Suemoto⁴⁵, Renata Kochhann⁴⁶, Silvia Kochen⁴⁷, Fiona Kumfor⁴⁸, Serggio Lanata⁴⁹, Bruce Miller⁴⁹, Leticia Lessa Mansur⁵⁰, Mirna Lie Hosogi⁵¹, Patricia Lillo⁵², Jorge Llibre Guerra⁵³, David Lira¹⁶, Francisco Lopera⁵⁴, Adelina Comas⁵⁵, José Alberto Avila-Funes⁵⁶, Ana Luisa Sosa⁵⁷, Claudia Ramos⁵⁸, Elisa de Paula França Resende⁵⁸, Heather M Snyder⁵⁹, Ioannis Tarnanas^{18

35}, Jenifer Yokoyama⁴⁹, Juan Llibre⁶⁰, Juan Felipe Cardona⁶¹, Kate Possin⁴⁹, Kenneth S Kosik⁶², Rosa Montesinos¹⁶, Sebastian Moguilner⁵⁸, Patricia Cristina Lourdes Solis⁴⁷, Renata Eloah de Lucena Ferretti-Rebustini⁶³, Jeronimo Martin Ramirez⁶⁴, Diana Matallana⁶⁵, Lingani Mbakile-Mahlanza⁶⁶, Alyne Mendonça Marques Ton⁶⁷, Ronnielly Melo Tavares⁶⁸, Eliane C Miotto⁶⁹, Graciela Muniz-Terrera⁷⁰, Luis Arnoldo Muñoz-Nevárez⁷¹, David Orozco⁷², Maira Okada de Oliveira⁵⁸, Olivier Piguet⁷³, Maritza Pintado Caipa⁵⁸, Stefanie Danielle Piña Escudero⁵⁸, Lucas Porcello Schilling⁷⁴, André Luiz Rodrigues Palmeira⁷⁵, Mônica Sanches Yassuda⁷⁶, Jose Manuel Santacruz-Escudero⁷⁷, Rodrigo Bernardo Serafim⁷⁸, Jerusa Smid⁷⁹, Andrea Slachevsky⁸⁰, Cecilia Serrano⁸¹, Marcio Soto-Añari⁸², Leonel Tadao Takada⁸³, Lea Tenenholz Grinberg⁸⁴, Antonio Lucio Teixeira⁸⁵, Maira Tonidandel Barbosa⁸⁶, Dominic Trépel⁸⁷, Agustin Ibanez⁸⁸

Affiliations

¹ School of Psychological Sciences and Health, Graham Hills Building, Glasgow, G1 1QE, UK, Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Programa de Psicología, University of Strathclyde, Barranquilla, Colombia.
² Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
³ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴ Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁵ Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Medical School, Physiology and Psychiatry Departments, Memory and Cognition Center Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Group of Investigation on Multimorbidity and Mental Health in Aging (GIMMA), Jundiaí, State of São Paulo, Brazil.
⁷ Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁸ INECO Foundation, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁹ Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
¹⁰ Medical School, Geriatric Unit, Memory and Cognition Center-Intellectus, Aging Institute, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
¹¹ Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
¹² Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
¹³ Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, INECO Foundation, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁴ Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁵ Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile, The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Universidad Mayor, Chile, Novato, CA, USA.
¹⁶ Unit Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Prevention, Cognitive Neurology Center, Peruvian Institute of Neurosciences, Lima, Perú.
¹⁷ Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular (CUDIM), Centro de Medicina Nuclear e Imagenología Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
¹⁸ Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
¹⁹ Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology and LIM 22, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²⁰ Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Group, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²¹ Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
²² Department Neurology and Neurosurgery North/Department of Neurosciences, Center for Advanced Clinical Research (CICA), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
²³ Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil/Queen's University, Canada.
²⁴ Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, ES, UK.
²⁵ Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis & Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
²⁶ Division of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²⁷ Department of Neurology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
²⁸ Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, University of Fortaleza, Brazil.
²⁹ Geriatrics Section Clinical Hospital University of Chile, Santos Dumont 999 Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
³⁰ Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), Universidad de San Andres. National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.
³¹ School of Public Health, Cayetano Heredia University.
³² Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
³³ Memory Clinic, Neuromedicenter, Ecuadorian Dementia Association, Quito, Ecuador.
³⁴ Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
³⁵ Altoida Inc., Houston, Texas, USA.
³⁶ Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA.
³⁷ Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile, and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
³⁸ Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
³⁹ Fundacion Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET. Ave, Argentina.
⁴⁰ Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴¹ Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴² Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Departamento de Neurologia Hospital Occidente de Kennedy, Global Brain Health Institute, Universidad de la Sabana, Bogota, Colombia.
⁴³ Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
⁴⁴ Department of Neurology, Hospital Governador Celso Ramos, Florianopolis, Brazil.
⁴⁵ Division of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁴⁶ Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS and Researcher Office, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁴⁷ Neurosciences and Complex Systems Unit (EnyS), CONICET, Hosp, El Cruce "N. Kirchner", Univ. National A, Jauretche (UNAJ), F. Varela, Prov. Buenos Aires. Fac. Medicine, Univ Nacional de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁸ Brain and Mind Centre and School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁴⁹ UCSF Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, US.
⁵⁰ [deceased] São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵¹ Behavioral and Cognitive Unit of Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁵² Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Neurología Sur/Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
⁵³ Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF, California, US.
⁵⁴ Neuroscience Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
⁵⁵ Department of Health Policy at the London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
⁵⁶ Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México.
⁵⁷ Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México.
⁵⁸ Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA.
⁵⁹ Division of Medical and Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association.
⁶⁰ Centro de estudios de Alzheimer, Cuba.
⁶¹ Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, USA.
⁶² Neuroscience Research Institute and Dept of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa, Barbara, California, USA.
⁶³ Medical-surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶⁴ Departamen de Admision Continua Adultos Hospital General La Raza Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
⁶⁵ Medical School, Aging Institute and Psychiatry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Memory and Cognition Center-Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶⁶ Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
⁶⁷ Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Vila Velha University, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
⁶⁸ Behavioral Neurology Clinic Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁷⁰ Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
⁷¹ Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
⁷² Cognitive Neuroscience Development Laboratory, Axis Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Cognitive Impairment and Behavior Disorders Unit, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
⁷³ School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
⁷⁴ Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁷⁵ Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Neurologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Hospital Ernesto Dornelles, Serviço de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁷⁶ School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁷⁷ Medical School and Psychiatry Department, Memory and Cognition Center- Intellectus, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁷⁸ Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁷⁹ Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁸⁰ Neurology Department, Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile, Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience (LANNEC), Physiopathology Program-ICBM, East Neurologic and Neurosciences Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital del Salvador and Faculty of Medicine University of Chile. Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, University of Chile, Neuropsychiatry and Memory Disorders clinic (CMYN), Santiago, Chile.
⁸¹ Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁸² Universidad Católica San Pablo, Arequipa, Perú.
⁸³ Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil.
⁸⁴ Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF - USA, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁸⁵ Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Av. Alfredo Balena, 110, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁸⁶ Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e Faculdade deCiências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁸⁷ Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin.
⁸⁸ Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC) Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Autonoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia; Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), US, Universidad de San Andres, CONICET, Universidad Autonoma del Caribe, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, UCSF, USA.

PMID: 33634602
PMCID: PMC7984223
DOI: 10.1002/alz.12202

Dementia in Latin America: Paving the way toward a regional action plan

Mario Alfredo Parra et al. Alzheimers Dement. 2021 Feb.

. 2021 Feb;17(2):295-313.

doi: 10.1002/alz.12202. Epub 2020 Nov 20.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ School of Psychological Sciences and Health, Graham Hills Building, Glasgow, G1 1QE, UK, Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Programa de Psicología, University of Strathclyde, Barranquilla, Colombia.
² Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
³ Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴ Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁵ Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Medical School, Physiology and Psychiatry Departments, Memory and Cognition Center Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Group of Investigation on Multimorbidity and Mental Health in Aging (GIMMA), Jundiaí, State of São Paulo, Brazil.
⁷ Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁸ INECO Foundation, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁹ Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
¹⁰ Medical School, Geriatric Unit, Memory and Cognition Center-Intellectus, Aging Institute, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
¹¹ Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
¹² Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
¹³ Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, INECO Foundation, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCyT), Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁴ Department of Speech and Language Pathology, Atlantic Fellow for Equity in Brain Health, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
¹⁵ Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile, The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Universidad Mayor, Chile, Novato, CA, USA.
¹⁶ Unit Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Prevention, Cognitive Neurology Center, Peruvian Institute of Neurosciences, Lima, Perú.
¹⁷ Centro Uruguayo de Imagenología Molecular (CUDIM), Centro de Medicina Nuclear e Imagenología Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
¹⁸ Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
¹⁹ Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology and LIM 22, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²⁰ Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Group, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²¹ Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
²² Department Neurology and Neurosurgery North/Department of Neurosciences, Center for Advanced Clinical Research (CICA), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
²³ Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil/Queen's University, Canada.
²⁴ Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, ES, UK.
²⁵ Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis & Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
²⁶ Division of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
²⁷ Department of Neurology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.
²⁸ Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, University of Fortaleza, Brazil.
²⁹ Geriatrics Section Clinical Hospital University of Chile, Santos Dumont 999 Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
³⁰ Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), Universidad de San Andres. National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.
³¹ School of Public Health, Cayetano Heredia University.
³² Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
³³ Memory Clinic, Neuromedicenter, Ecuadorian Dementia Association, Quito, Ecuador.
³⁴ Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
³⁵ Altoida Inc., Houston, Texas, USA.
³⁶ Department of Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA.
³⁷ Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile, and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
³⁸ Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
³⁹ Fundacion Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET. Ave, Argentina.
⁴⁰ Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴¹ Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴² Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Departamento de Neurologia Hospital Occidente de Kennedy, Global Brain Health Institute, Universidad de la Sabana, Bogota, Colombia.
⁴³ Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile.
⁴⁴ Department of Neurology, Hospital Governador Celso Ramos, Florianopolis, Brazil.
⁴⁵ Division of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁴⁶ Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS and Researcher Office, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁴⁷ Neurosciences and Complex Systems Unit (EnyS), CONICET, Hosp, El Cruce "N. Kirchner", Univ. National A, Jauretche (UNAJ), F. Varela, Prov. Buenos Aires. Fac. Medicine, Univ Nacional de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁸ Brain and Mind Centre and School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁴⁹ UCSF Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, US.
⁵⁰ [deceased] São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵¹ Behavioral and Cognitive Unit of Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁵² Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile, Departamento de Neurología Sur/Departamento de Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
⁵³ Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF, California, US.
⁵⁴ Neuroscience Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
⁵⁵ Department of Health Policy at the London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
⁵⁶ Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México.
⁵⁷ Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México.
⁵⁸ Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA.
⁵⁹ Division of Medical and Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association.
⁶⁰ Centro de estudios de Alzheimer, Cuba.
⁶¹ Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, USA.
⁶² Neuroscience Research Institute and Dept of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa, Barbara, California, USA.
⁶³ Medical-surgical Nursing Department, University of São Paulo School of Nursing, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁶⁴ Departamen de Admision Continua Adultos Hospital General La Raza Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
⁶⁵ Medical School, Aging Institute and Psychiatry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Memory and Cognition Center-Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁶⁶ Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
⁶⁷ Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Vila Velha University, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
⁶⁸ Behavioral Neurology Clinic Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁷⁰ Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
⁷¹ Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
⁷² Cognitive Neuroscience Development Laboratory, Axis Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Cognitive Impairment and Behavior Disorders Unit, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
⁷³ School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
⁷⁴ Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁷⁵ Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Neurologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Hospital Ernesto Dornelles, Serviço de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁷⁶ School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁷⁷ Medical School and Psychiatry Department, Memory and Cognition Center- Intellectus, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁷⁸ Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
⁷⁹ Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁸⁰ Neurology Department, Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile, Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience (LANNEC), Physiopathology Program-ICBM, East Neurologic and Neurosciences Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital del Salvador and Faculty of Medicine University of Chile. Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, University of Chile, Neuropsychiatry and Memory Disorders clinic (CMYN), Santiago, Chile.
⁸¹ Memory and Balance Clinic, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁸² Universidad Católica San Pablo, Arequipa, Perú.
⁸³ Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Brazil.
⁸⁴ Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF - USA, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁸⁵ Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Av. Alfredo Balena, 110, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁸⁶ Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e Faculdade deCiências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
⁸⁷ Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin.
⁸⁸ Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC) Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Autonoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia; Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), US, Universidad de San Andres, CONICET, Universidad Autonoma del Caribe, Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, UCSF, USA.

PMID: 33634602
PMCID: PMC7984223
DOI: 10.1002/alz.12202

Abstract

Across Latin American and Caribbean countries (LACs), the fight against dementia faces pressing challenges, such as heterogeneity, diversity, political instability, and socioeconomic disparities. These can be addressed more effectively in a collaborative setting that fosters open exchange of knowledge. In this work, the Latin American and Caribbean Consortium on Dementia (LAC-CD) proposes an agenda for integration to deliver a Knowledge to Action Framework (KtAF). First, we summarize evidence-based strategies (epidemiology, genetics, biomarkers, clinical trials, nonpharmacological interventions, networking, and translational research) and align them to current global strategies to translate regional knowledge into transformative actions. Then we characterize key sources of complexity (genetic isolates, admixture in populations, environmental factors, and barriers to effective interventions), map them to the above challenges, and provide the basic mosaics of knowledge toward a KtAF. Finally, we describe strategies supporting the knowledge creation stage that underpins the translational impact of KtAF.

Keywords: Latin America; biomarkers; clinical trials; dementia; epidemiology; evidence-based recommendations; genetics; knowledge to action framework; networking and translational research; nonpharmacological interventions.

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Conflict of interest statement

The Expert Meeting was supported by Alzheimer's Society UK grants awarded to MP in collaboration with AI (AS‐R42303, AS‐SF‐14‐008). AS is supported by CONICYT / FONDAP /15150012; Conicyt/ Fondecyt Regular/ 1140423 and Basal Funds for Centers of Excellence, Project FB 0003 from the Associative Research Program of CONICYT. FL is supported by a grant API COLOMBIA funded by GENENTECH and Banner Institute. FK is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC)‐Australian Research Council Dementia Research Development Fellowship (APP1097026). OP is supported by an NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship (APP1103258). FFDO is supported by FAPESP ‐ The State of São Paulo Research Foundation (grant #2015/10109‐5). The support from Alzheimer´s Scotland Dementia Research and the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology part of the cross council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (MR/K026992/1) both from the University of Edinburgh is also acknowledged. FS is supported by Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (FONDAP‐15150012) and Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT, No. 1150766). RAV is supported by CONICYT AFB 170008 and by Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, PAIFAC grant. PC is supported by CNPq, Brazil (bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa). PL is supported by FONDAP Program Grant 15150012 & by Conicyt/Fondecyt Regular/ 1160940. STF is supported by National Institute for Translational Neuroscience (Brazil, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/Brazil) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ/Brazil). BCB is supported by Alzheimer's Association and Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI_ALZ‐18‐542347). LTG is supported by NIH K24AG053435. MLFC is supported by CNPq (bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa). RDR is supported by FAPESP (2016/24326‐0) and the Alzheimer´s Association (AARF‐18‐566005). LD is partially supported by Neuromedicenter. RF is supported by Alzheimer's Society (grant # 284). LCS is supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/Brazil). MSY is supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/Brazil) and São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP/BRAZIL). MACB is supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/Brazil) and Minas Gerais Research Foundation (FAPEMIG/BRAZIL). IA receives National public grant level 2 from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications, Brazil). HMS is a full‐time employee of the Alzheimer's Association. AI is partially supported by grants from CONICET, FONCyT‐PICT 2017‐1818, FONCyT‐PICT 2017‐1820, FONDAP 15150012, the Interamerican Development Bank (IDB), Alzheimer's Association GBHI ALZ UK‐20‐639295, and the MULTI‐PARTNER CONSORTIUM TO EXPAND DEMENTIA RESEARCH IN LATIN AMERICA [ReDLat, supported by National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging (R01 AG057234), Alzheimer's Association (SG‐20‐725707), Tau Consortium, and Global Brain Health Institute)]. The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of these Institutions. The other authors declare no conflict of interests.

Figures

**FIGURE 1**
Priority levels assigned to core areas and challenges via a knowledge inquiry and related actions timelines. Co‐authors of this work were presented with a survey and were asked to rank the five areas and associated challenges in order of priority. We calculated the percentage of respondents who rated these within the top two priorities and used these to rank both areas and challenges. The right inset shows the timeline for the proposed actions described in Section 4. Experts were also asked to deliver their views about a feasible timeline to address these challenges and actions (0‐5 or 5‐10 years) (% = Mean % of responses)

**FIGURE 2**
Geographical distribution of (A) epidemiological studies, (B) clinical trials, (C) local and regional research initiatives, and (D) government policies to support dementia in LACs. Data used to build this figure can be found in the Annexes 1 to 4

**FIGURE 3**
Knowledge‐to‐action framework. The diagram captures challenges posed by dementia and the related mapping of key actions. Such actions may be linked to specific working groups that have been included in the framework. This approach comprises a biomarker framework (LAC‐BF), genetics and epidemiology workgroup (LAC‐GEW), dementia platform (LAC‐DP), clinical trial program (LAC‐CTP), nonpharmacological interventions (LAC‐NPI), and an LAC network for translational research (LAC‐NTR)

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Dementia in Latin America: Paving the way toward a regional action plan

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