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Review
. 2021 Feb 27;23(2):12.
doi: 10.1007/s11906-021-01130-z.

To Curb the Progression of Fatal COVID-19 Course-Dream or Reality

Szymon Price  1 , Radosław Targoński  2 , Janusz Sadowski  1 , Ryszard Targoński  3
Affiliations
Review

To Curb the Progression of Fatal COVID-19 Course-Dream or Reality

Szymon Price et al. Curr Hypertens Rep. .

Abstract

Purpose of review: To analyze the impact of sodium retention states on the course of COVID-19 and propose possible interventions to curb disease progression.

Recent findings: Numerous data confirm a positive association of non-communicable diseases, aging, and other sodium-retaining states, including iatrogenic ones, with more severe sometimes fatal clinical course of COVID-19. Reasons for this effect could include increased angiotensin signaling via the AT1R receptor. The endothelial glycocalyx also plays an important role in infection, leading to a vicious cycle of inflammation and tissue sodium retention when damaged. RAS inhibitors may help restore glycocalyx function and prevent severe organ damage. Anticoagulants, especially heparin, may also have therapeutic applications due to antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, glycocalyx-repairing, and antialdosteronic properties. The ambiguous influence of some diuretics on sodium balance was also discussed. Abnormal sodium storage and increased angiotensin-converting enzyme activity are related to the severity of COVID-19. Inducing sodium removal and reducing intake might improve outcomes.

Keywords: ACEI/ARB; COVID-19; Glycocalyx; Heparin; Spironolactone.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The pathway leading from excessive sodium storage to a more severe course of infectious diseases. RAA, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ANG II, angiotensin II; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NET, neutrophil extracellular trap
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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