The find of COVID-19 vaccine: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), a novel corona virus, causing COVID-19 with Flu-like symptoms is the first alarming pandemic of the third millennium. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to beta coronavirus as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Pandemic COVID-19 owes devastating mortality and destructively exceptional consequences on Socio-Economics life around the world. Therefore, the current review is redirected to the scientific community to owe comprehensive visualization about SARS-CoV-2 to tackle the current pandemic. As systematically shown through the current review, it indexes unmet medical problem of COVID-19 in view of public health and vaccination discovery for the infectious SARS-CoV-2; it is currently under-investigational therapeutic protocols, and next possible vaccines. Furthermore, the review extensively reports the precautionary measures to achieve" COVID-19/Flatten the curve". It is concluded that vaccines formulation within exceptional no time in this pandemic is highly recommended, via following the same protocols of previous pandemics; MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and excluding some initial steps of vaccination development process.

Keywords: COVID-19; Flatten the curve; Infectious diseases; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination; Viral pandemic.

Chart 1

Timeline stages of COVID-19 outbreak.

Fig. 1

Flowchart of the review index.

Fig. 2

Structure of a Virus.

Fig. 3

Lifecycle of a Virus.

Fig. 4

Cross-sectional Model of Coronavirus.

Fig. 5

Country risk and vulnerability mapping.

Fig. 6

Development process of the nanobody vaccination [110].

Fig. 7

miRNA-based therapy as anti SARS-CoV-2 via: A) Viral proteins crucial in survival and replication of SARS-CoV-2; miRNA targets 1) ACE2 or/and 2) TMPRSS2 which consequently suppress the viral entry to the host cells, B) Host factors of cellular entry and trafficking of SARS-CoV-2; after the virus enters the host cells, it starts 1) Uncoating stage for its RNA release, for 2) Viral RNA synthesis by replication machinery system. Subsequently, 3) Viral protein synthesis of structural and non-structural proteins for 4) Viral assembly and maturation; to stop these stages, miRNA suppress viral protein synthesis by targeting viral RNA synthesis. Eventually, it results in suppression of viral assembly and maturation. C) CRISPR-based therapy; it acts via degradation or mutation of viral RNA.

Fig. 8

The vaccination therapeutic approaches of COVID-19.

Fig. 9

The flowchart of DNA vaccination; mechanism of action [215].

Chart 2

Difference between the classical and emergency vaccine phases [278,294].