Immune storm and coagulation storm in the pathogenesis of amniotic fluid embolism

Abstract

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but severe obstetric complication with high mortality. To date, the pathogenesis of AFE has evolved from a simple theory of mechanical obstruction to an immunological theory. However, it is not yet fully understood. Here we elaborate on the immune storm and coagulation storm induced by the amniotic fluid entering the maternal circulation. These two storms contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of typical and atypical AFE. Our theory needs to be confirmed by further clinical studies and basic research.