Knowledge, attitudes, and prescribing patterns of cannabis and cannabinoid-containing medicines among European healthcare workers: a systematic literature review

Abstract

Background: Since the introduction of the National Medical Cannabis Programme in The Netherlands, many other countries in Europe have made medical cannabis (MC) and cannabis-based medicines (CBMs) available. However, each of them has implemented a unique legal framework and reimbursement strategy for these products. Therefore, it is vital to study healthcare professionals' knowledge level (HCP) and HCPs in-training regarding both medical uses and indications and understand their safety concerns and potential barriers for MC use in clinical practice.

Methods: A comprehensive, systematic literature review was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases, as well as PsychINFO. Grey literature was also included. Due to the high diversity in the questionnaires used in the studies, a narrative synthesis was performed.

Results: From 6995 studies retrieved, ten studies, all of them being quantitative survey-based studies, were included in the review. In most studies, the majority of participants were in favor of MC and CBMs use for medical reasons. Other common findings were: the necessity to provide additional training regarding medical applications of cannabinoids, lack of awareness about the legal status of and regulations regarding MC among both certified physicians, as well as prospective doctors and students of other medicals sciences (e.g., nursing, pharmacy).

Conclusions: For most European countries, we could not identify any studies evaluating HCPs' knowledge and attitudes towards medicinal cannabis. Therefore, similar investigations are highly encouraged. Available evidence demonstrates a need to provide medical training to the HCPs in Europe regarding medical applications of cannabinoids.

Keywords: Cannabinoids; Healthcare professionals; Knowledge level; Medical Cannabis; Systematic review.