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Review
. 2021 Feb 13;26(4):1002.
doi: 10.3390/molecules26041002.

From Fish Waste to Value: An Overview of the Sustainable Recovery of Omega-3 for Food Supplements

Vincenzo Gabriele Alfio  1 , Cosimo Manzo  1 , Raffaella Micillo  1
Affiliations
Review

From Fish Waste to Value: An Overview of the Sustainable Recovery of Omega-3 for Food Supplements

Vincenzo Gabriele Alfio et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The disposal of food waste is a current and pressing issue, urging novel solutions to implement sustainable waste management practices. Fish leftovers and their processing byproducts represent a significant portion of the original fish, and their disposal has a high environmental and economic impact. The utilization of waste as raw materials for the production of different classes of biofuels and high-value chemicals, a concept known as "biorefinery", is gaining interest in a vision of circular economy and zero waste policies. In this context, an interesting route of valorization is the extraction of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) for nutraceutical application. These fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have received attention over the last decades due to their beneficial effects on human health. Their sustainable production is a key process for matching the increased market demand while reducing the pressure on marine ecosystems and lowering the impact of waste production. The high resale value of the products makes this waste a powerful tool that simultaneously protects the environment and benefits the global economy. This review aims to provide a complete overview of the sustainable exploitation of fish waste to recover ω-3 FAs for food supplement applications, covering composition, storage, and processing of the raw material.

Keywords: DHA; EPA; PUFA; biorefinery; fish oil extraction; fish waste; omega-3; supercritical fluid extraction; supplements.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Simplified structure of a triacylglycerol and (b) chemical structure of and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Rearrangement of the 1,4-pentadiene structure to give a stabilized conjugated diene.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Block flow diagram (BFD) of a typical process from fish waste to final products.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Transesterification reaction of a triglyceride with ethanol to give three fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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