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Review
. 2021 Feb 23;22(4):2218.
doi: 10.3390/ijms22042218.

Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms

Jiri Patocka  1   2 , Ran Wu  3 , Eugenie Nepovimova  4 , Martin Valis  5 , Wenda Wu  3   4 , Kamil Kuca  2   4
Affiliations
Review

Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms

Jiri Patocka et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of Inocybe mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.

Keywords: Inocybe mushroom; muscarine; psilocin; psilocybin; toxicology.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Inocybe mushrooms.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Inocybe erubescens, the most common Inocybe species associated with toxicity in Europe.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Structures of compounds isolated from the mushrooms of the genus Inocybe: I. muscarine; II. psilocin; III. psilocybin; IV. aeruginascin and V. baeocystin.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Four stereoisomers of muscarinee: I. muscarine; II.epi-muscarinee; III. allo-muscarinee and IV. epiallo-muscarinee.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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