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Review
. 2021 Feb 14;22(4):1890.
doi: 10.3390/ijms22041890.

Biocatalytic C-C Bond Formation for One Carbon Resource Utilization

Qiaoyu Yang  1   2   3 , Xiaoxian Guo  1   2 , Yuwan Liu  1   2 , Huifeng Jiang  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Biocatalytic C-C Bond Formation for One Carbon Resource Utilization

Qiaoyu Yang et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

The carbon-carbon bond formation has always been one of the most important reactions in C1 resource utilization. Compared to traditional organic synthesis methods, biocatalytic C-C bond formation offers a green and potent alternative for C1 transformation. In recent years, with the development of synthetic biology, more and more carboxylases and C-C ligases have been mined and designed for the C1 transformation in vitro and C1 assimilation in vivo. This article presents an overview of C-C bond formation in biocatalytic C1 resource utilization is first provided. Sets of newly mined and designed carboxylases and ligases capable of catalyzing C-C bond formation for the transformation of CO2, formaldehyde, CO, and formate are then reviewed, and their catalytic mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the current advances and the future perspectives for the development of catalysts for C1 resource utilization are provided.

Keywords: C-C ligases; C1 resource utilization; carboxylases; designed pathway.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The catalytic mechanism of Rubisco [26].
Figure 2
Figure 2
The catalytic process of biotin-dependent carboxylases [33,34,35].
Figure 3
Figure 3
The catalytic mechanism of isocitrate dehydrogenase and crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase. (A) The catalytic mechanism of isocitrate dehydrogenase [44]. (B) The catalytic mechanism of crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase [45].
Figure 4
Figure 4
The crotonyl-CoA/ethylmalonyl-CoA/hydroxybutyryl-CoA cycle pathway (CETCH pathway) [21]. CCR, crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase; EEM, ethylmalonyl-CoA epimerase, and mutase; MOX, methylsuccinyl-CoA oxidase; MMD, methylmalyl-CoA dehydratase; MML, methylmalyl-CoA lyase; POX, propionyl-CoA oxidase; MEM, methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase, and mutase; SSDH, succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; HBDH, 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; HBS, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA synthetase; HBD, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The catalytic mechanism of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase [52].
Figure 6
Figure 6
The synthetic malyl-CoA-glycerate (MCG) pathway [19]. PEPC, PEP carboxylase; MDH, malate dehydrogenase; MTK, malate thiokinase; MCL, malyl-CoA lyase; GCL, glyoxylate carboligase; TSR, tartronate semialdehyde reductase; GK, glycerate kinase; ENO, enolase.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The catalytic mechanism of pyruvate decarboxylase [54,55].
Figure 8
Figure 8
The reductive glycine pathway (RGP) [61]. FTS, formyl-THF synthase; FTCH, formyl-THF cyclohydrolase; MTDH, methylene-THF dehydrogenase; GLYA, L-serine hydroxymethyltransferase; SDAA, L-serine dehydratase.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Four types of C-C Ligases for formaldehyde biotransformation [18].
Figure 10
Figure 10
The methanol condensation cycle (MCC) [70]. HPS, hexulose phosphate synthase; PHI, phosphohexulose isomerase; TAL, transaldolase; TKT, transketolase; RPE, D-ribulose 5-phosphate epimerase; RPI, Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase; XPK, phosphoketolase; PTA, phosphate acetyltransferase.
Figure 11
Figure 11
The homoserine cycle [74]. SAL, serine aldolase; SDA, serine deaminase; HAL, 4-hydroxy-2-oxobutanoate (HOB) aldolase; HAT, HOB aminotransferase; HSK, homoserine kinase; TS, threonine synthase; LTA, threonine aldolase; ACDH, acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Both SAL and LTA are catalyzed by the same LtaE enzyme.
Figure 12
Figure 12
The formolase (FLS) pathway [22] and synthetic acetyl-CoA (SACA) pathway [23]. (A) The formolase (FLS) pathway. ACS, acetyl-CoA synthase; ACDH, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase; FLS, formolase; DHAK, dihydroxyacetone kinase. (B) The synthetic acetyl-CoA (SACA) pathway. GALS, glycolaldehyde synthase; ACPS, acetyl-phosphate synthase; PTA, phosphate acetyltransferase.
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