Aging and drug interactions. II. Effect of phenytoin and smoking on the oxidation of theophylline and cortisol in healthy men

Abstract

The effect of age on the induction of theophylline metabolism by phenytoin was examined in healthy young and old male cigarette smokers (greater than or equal to 20 cigarettes/day) and nonsmokers. Two single dose studies of theophylline pharmacokinetics were performed, one as a base-line control and another after a 2-week course of phenytoin. Phenytoin was administered as an i.v. loading dose followed by oral ingestion. The dose was adjusted to achieve total phenytoin plasma concentrations within a low therapeutic range (10-13 micrograms/ml). Free phenytoin concentrations in plasma were slightly higher in old (nonsmokers 0.84 +/- 0.13 micrograms/ml; smokers 0.89 +/- 0.12 micrograms/ml) than in young (nonsmokers 0.75 +/- 0.10 micrograms/ml; smokers 0.72 +/- 0.10 micrograms/ml) subjects, but the differences were not significant. Base-line plasma theophylline clearance was 30% lower in old compared with young nonsmokers (34.0 +/- 2.5 vs. 48.8 +/- 2.6 ml/hr/kg, P less than .001), whereas the small age difference between old and young smokers (86.0 +/- 8.4 vs. 72.4 +/- 8.0 ml/hr/kg) was not significant. Smokers had higher values of theophylline clearance than nonsmokers regardless of age. Half-life was prolonged in old nonsmokers in proportion to decreased clearance, despite a slight decrease in volume of distribution. Phenytoin induced theophylline metabolism to an equal degree in both age groups and in both smokers (young 42.6 +/- 6.5%; old 47.3 +/- 3.6%) and nonsmokers (young 56.3 +/- 8.8%; old 45.4 +/- 6.4%). The magnitude of its induction in smokers was additive to that of cigarette smoking. Old age was associated with a modest selective reduction in N-demethylated metabolic pathways to 3-methylxanthine and 1-methyluric acid, whereas smoking preferentially induced the formation of these products. Phenytoin increased the production of all theophylline primary metabolites to an equal degree in both old and young subjects. The urinary excretion of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol was not influenced significantly by age or smoking and increased 2- to 3-fold in all subject groups with phenytoin. These results confirm earlier observations of a reduction in basal oxidative capacity in elderly nonsmoking males. They also demonstrate that the ability to induce the metabolism of theophylline by smoking or phenytoin and the ability to induce the metabolism of cortisol by phenytoin are maintained in old age.