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[Preprint]. 2021 Mar 1:rs.3.rs-279400.

doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-279400/v1.

Unraveling COVID-19: a large-scale characterization of 4.5 million COVID-19 cases using CHARYBDIS

Daniel Prieto-Alhambra¹, Kristin Kostka², Talita Duarte-Salles³, Albert Prats-Uribe⁴, Anthony Sena⁵, Andrea Pistillo³, Sara Khalid⁶, Lana Lai⁷, Asieh Golozar⁸, Thamir M Alshammari⁹, Dalia Dawoud¹⁰, Fredrik Nyberg¹¹, Adam Wilcox¹², Alan Andryc¹³, Andrew Williams¹⁴, Anna Ostropolets¹⁵, Carlos Areia¹⁶, Chi Young Jung¹⁷, Christopher Harle¹⁸, Christian Reich², Clair Blacketer⁵, Daniel Morales¹⁹, David A Dorr²⁰, Edward Burn³, Elena Roel, Eng Hooi Tan⁶, Evan Minty²¹, Frank DeFalco¹³, Gabriel de Maeztu²², Gigi Lipori²³, Heba Alghoul²⁴, Hong Zhu²⁵, Jason Thomas²⁶, Jiang Bian²⁷, Jimyung Park²⁸, Jordi Martínez Roldán²⁹, Jose Posada³⁰, Juan M Banda³¹, Juan P Horcajada³², Julianna Kohler³³, Karishma Shah³⁴, Karthik Natarajan³⁵, Kristine Lynch³⁶, Li Liu³⁷, Lisa Schilling³⁸, Martina Recalde³, Matthew Spotnitz¹⁵, Mengchun Gong³⁹, Michael Matheny⁴⁰, Neus Valveny⁴¹, Nicole Weiskopf²⁰, Nigam Shah⁴², Osaid Alser⁴³, Paula Casajust⁴⁴, Rae Woong Park²⁸, Robert Schuff⁴⁵, Sarah Seager², Scott DuVall⁴⁶, Seng Chan You⁴⁷, Seokyoung Song⁴⁸, Sergio Fernández-Bertolín³, Stephen Fortin⁴⁹, Tanja Magoc²³, Thomas Falconer¹⁵, Vignesh Subbian⁵⁰, Vojtech Huser⁵¹, Waheed-Ul-Rahman Ahmed⁵², William Carter⁵³, Yin Guan³⁹, Yankuic Galvan²³, Xing He²³, Peter Rijnbeek⁵⁴, George Hripcsak³⁵, Patrick Ryan⁵⁵, Marc Suchard⁵⁶

Affiliations

¹ Centre for Statistics in Medicine (CSM), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDROMS), University of Oxford, UK.
² Real World Solutions, IQVIA, Cambridge, MA, USA.
³ Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.
⁴ Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford.
⁵ Janssen R&D, Titusville NJ, USA, 2) Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
⁶ Centre for Statistics in Medicine, NDORMS, University of Oxford, UK.
⁷ Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
⁸ Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, NY USA, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, MD USA.
⁹ Medication Safety Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK.
¹¹ School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
¹² Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 2) UW Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹³ Janssen R&D, Titusville NJ, USA.
¹⁴ Tufts Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, US.
¹⁵ Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
¹⁶ Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
¹⁷ Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea.
¹⁸ University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
¹⁹ Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, UK.
²⁰ Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
²¹ O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
²² IOMED, Barcelona, Spain.
²³ University of Florida Health.
²⁴ Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine.
²⁵ Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
²⁶ Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
²⁷ University of Florida.
²⁸ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
²⁹ Director of Innovation and Digital Transformation, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁰ Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
³¹ Georgia State University, Department of Computer Science, Atlanta, GA, USA.
³² Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelo.
³³ United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA.
³⁴ Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³⁵ Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, 2) New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 622 W 168 St, PH20 New York, NY 10032 USA.
³⁶ VINCI, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, VA, & Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
³⁷ Biomedical Big Data Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
³⁸ Data Science to Patient Value Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.
³⁹ DHC Technologies Co. Ltd, Beijing, China.
⁴⁰ VINCI, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System VA, Nashville, TN & Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
⁴¹ Real-World Evidence, TFS, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴² Stanford University.
⁴³ Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴⁴ Trial Form Support.
⁴⁵ Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University.
⁴⁶ VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
⁴⁷ Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
⁴⁸ Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
⁴⁹ Observational Health Data Analytics, Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ, USA.
⁵⁰ College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
⁵¹ National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁵² Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, 2) College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, E.
⁵³ Data Science to Patient Value Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
⁵⁵ Janssen R&D.
⁵⁶ Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles.

PMID: 33688639
PMCID: PMC7941629
DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-279400/v1

Unraveling COVID-19: a large-scale characterization of 4.5 million COVID-19 cases using CHARYBDIS

Daniel Prieto-Alhambra et al. Res Sq. 2021.

[Preprint]. 2021 Mar 1:rs.3.rs-279400.

doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-279400/v1.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Centre for Statistics in Medicine (CSM), Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDROMS), University of Oxford, UK.
² Real World Solutions, IQVIA, Cambridge, MA, USA.
³ Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.
⁴ Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford.
⁵ Janssen R&D, Titusville NJ, USA, 2) Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
⁶ Centre for Statistics in Medicine, NDORMS, University of Oxford, UK.
⁷ Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
⁸ Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, NY USA, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, MD USA.
⁹ Medication Safety Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK.
¹¹ School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
¹² Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 2) UW Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹³ Janssen R&D, Titusville NJ, USA.
¹⁴ Tufts Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, US.
¹⁵ Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
¹⁶ Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.
¹⁷ Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea.
¹⁸ University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
¹⁹ Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, UK.
²⁰ Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
²¹ O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
²² IOMED, Barcelona, Spain.
²³ University of Florida Health.
²⁴ Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine.
²⁵ Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
²⁶ Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
²⁷ University of Florida.
²⁸ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
²⁹ Director of Innovation and Digital Transformation, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁰ Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
³¹ Georgia State University, Department of Computer Science, Atlanta, GA, USA.
³² Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelo.
³³ United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA.
³⁴ Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³⁵ Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, 2) New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 622 W 168 St, PH20 New York, NY 10032 USA.
³⁶ VINCI, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, VA, & Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
³⁷ Biomedical Big Data Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
³⁸ Data Science to Patient Value Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.
³⁹ DHC Technologies Co. Ltd, Beijing, China.
⁴⁰ VINCI, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System VA, Nashville, TN & Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
⁴¹ Real-World Evidence, TFS, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴² Stanford University.
⁴³ Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴⁴ Trial Form Support.
⁴⁵ Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University.
⁴⁶ VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
⁴⁷ Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
⁴⁸ Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
⁴⁹ Observational Health Data Analytics, Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ, USA.
⁵⁰ College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
⁵¹ National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁵² Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, 2) College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, E.
⁵³ Data Science to Patient Value Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
⁵⁵ Janssen R&D.
⁵⁶ Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles.

PMID: 33688639
PMCID: PMC7941629
DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-279400/v1

Update in

Unraveling COVID-19: A Large-Scale Characterization of 4.5 Million COVID-19 Cases Using CHARYBDIS.
Kostka K, Duarte-Salles T, Prats-Uribe A, Sena AG, Pistillo A, Khalid S, Lai LYH, Golozar A, Alshammari TM, Dawoud DM, Nyberg F, Wilcox AB, Andryc A, Williams A, Ostropolets A, Areia C, Jung CY, Harle CA, Reich CG, Blacketer C, Morales DR, Dorr DA, Burn E, Roel E, Tan EH, Minty E, DeFalco F, de Maeztu G, Lipori G, Alghoul H, Zhu H, Thomas JA, Bian J, Park J, Martínez Roldán J, Posada JD, Banda JM, Horcajada JP, Kohler J, Shah K, Natarajan K, Lynch KE, Liu L, Schilling LM, Recalde M, Spotnitz M, Gong M, Matheny ME, Valveny N, Weiskopf NG, Shah N, Alser O, Casajust P, Park RW, Schuff R, Seager S, DuVall SL, You SC, Song S, Fernández-Bertolín S, Fortin S, Magoc T, Falconer T, Subbian V, Huser V, Ahmed WU, Carter W, Guan Y, Galvan Y, He X, Rijnbeek PR, Hripcsak G, Ryan PB, Suchard MA, Prieto-Alhambra D. Kostka K, et al. Clin Epidemiol. 2022 Mar 22;14:369-384. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S323292. eCollection 2022. Clin Epidemiol. 2022. PMID: 35345821 Free PMC article.

Abstract

Background: Routinely collected real world data (RWD) have great utility in aiding the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic response [1,2]. Here we present the international Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) [3] Characterizing Health Associated Risks, and Your Baseline Disease In SARS-COV-2 (CHARYBDIS) framework for standardisation and analysis of COVID-19 RWD. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cohort study using a federated network of data partners in the United States, Europe (the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, Germany, France and Italy) and Asia (South Korea and China). The study protocol and analytical package were released on 11 ^th June 2020 and are iteratively updated via GitHub [4]. Findings: We identified three non-mutually exclusive cohorts of 4,537,153 individuals with a clinical COVID-19 diagnosis or positive test, 886,193 hospitalized with COVID-19 , and 113,627 hospitalized with COVID-19 requiring intensive services . All comorbidities, symptoms, medications, and outcomes are described by cohort in aggregate counts, and are available in an interactive website: https://data.ohdsi.org/Covid19CharacterizationCharybdis/. Interpretation: CHARYBDIS findings provide benchmarks that contribute to our understanding of COVID-19 progression, management and evolution over time. This can enable timely assessment of real-world outcomes of preventative and therapeutic options as they are introduced in clinical practice.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interest statement

All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare:

Ms. Kostka is an employee of IQVIA. Mr. Sena is an employee and holds stock at Janssen Research & Development, a Johnson and Johnson family of companies. Dr. Golozar reports personal fees from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. She is a full-time employee at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. This work was not conducted at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Nyberg reports other funding from AstraZeneca, outside the submitted work. Dr. Wilcox reports grants from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, grants from National Institute of Health, during the conduct of the study Mr. Andryc is an employee of Janssen Research & Development, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Reich is an employee of IQVIA. Dr. Blacketer reports she is an employee and holds stock at Janssen Research & Development, a Johnson and Johnson family of companies. Dr. Morales is supported by a Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Development Fellowship (Grant 214588/Z/18/Z) and reports grants from Chief Scientist Office (CSO), grants from Health Data Research UK (HDR-UK), grants from National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), outside the submitted work. Mr. DeFalco reports he is an employee and holds stock at Janssen Research & Development, a Johnson and Johnson family of companies. Jason Thomas reports grants from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, grants from National Institute of Health, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Posada reports grants from National Library of Medicine, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Natarajan reports grants from US NIH, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Matheny reports grants from US NIH, grants from US VA HSR&D, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Weiskopf reports personal fees from Merck, outside the submitted work. Dr. Shah reports grants from National Library of Medicine, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Park reports grants from Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea, grants from Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea, grants from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, during the conduct of the study. Ms. Seager is an employee of IQVIA. Dr. DuVall reports grants from Anolinx, LLC, grants from Astellas Pharma, Inc, grants from AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, grants from Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, grants from Celgene Corporation, grants from Eli Lilly and Company, grants from Genentech Inc., grants from Genomic Health, Inc., grants from Gilead Sciences Inc., grants from GlaxoSmithKline PLC, grants from Innocrin Pharmaceuticals Inc., grants from Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., grants from Kantar Health, grants from Myriad Genetic Laboratories, Inc., grants from Novartis International AG, grants from Parexel International Corporation through the University of Utah or Western Institute for Veteran Research outside the submitted work. Dr. Fortin is an employee of Janssen R&D, a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson. Dr. Vignesh reports grants from State of Arizona; Arizona Board of Regents, during the conduct of the study; grants from National Science Foundation, grants from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, grants from National Institutes of Health, outside the submitted work; .Dr. Subbian reports grants from State of Arizona; Arizona Board of Regents, during the conduct of the study; grants from National Science Foundation, grants from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, grants from National Institutes of Health, outside the submitted work. Dr. Rijnbeek reports grants from Innovative Medicines Initiative, from Janssen Research and Development, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Hripcsak reports grants from US NIH, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Ryan reports and is employee of Janssen Research and Development and shareholder of Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Suchard reports grants from US National Institutes of Health, grants from Department of Veterans Affairs, during the conduct of the study; grants from IQVIA, personal fees from Janssen Research and Development, grants from US Food and Drug Administration, personal fees from Private Health Management, outside the submitted work. Dr. Prieto-Alhambra reports grants and other from AMGEN, grants, non-financial support and other from UCB Biopharma, grants from Les Laboratoires Servier, outside the submitted work; and Janssen, on behalf of IMI-funded EHDEN and EMIF consortiums, and Synapse Management Partners have supported training programmes organised by DPA’s department and open for external participants.

The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government. No other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Figures

**Figure 1**
COVID-19 cases across the OHDSI COVID-19 network. Note: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.

**Figure 2**
Distribution of diagnosed, hospitalized and requiring intensive services COVID-19 cases by age and sex across the OHDSI COVID-19 network in the United States NB: In each subplot, the x-axis represents what proportion of all women (left) and all men (right) fall in each age category. No prior observation period required in the cohorts shown in this figure. Cohorts must be >=140 people to be reported in this analysis. Abbreviations: diag: diagnosed; hosp: hospitalized; i.s.: hospitalized and requiring intensive services. Abbreviations: CU-AMC-HDC: U of Colorado Anschuz Medical Campus Health Data Compass; CUIMC: Columbia University Irving Medical Center; IQVIAHospitalCDM: IQVIA Hospital Charge Data Master; OHSU: Oregon Health and Science University; OPTUM-EHR: Optum© de-identified Electronic Health Record Dataset; OPTUM-SES: Optum® De-Identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database – Socio-Economic Status (SES); STARR-OMOP: Stanford Medicine Research Data Repository; TRDW: Tufts MC Research Data Warehouse; UWM-CRD: UW Medicine COVID Research Dataset; VA-OMOP: Department of Veterans Affairs

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Kent S, Burn E, Dawoud D, Jonsson P, Østby JT, Hughes N, et al. Common Problems, Common Data Model Solutions: Evidence Generation for Health Technology Assessment. Pharmacoeconomics. 2020. doi: 10.1007/s40273-020-00981-9 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Forrest CB, McTigue KM, Hernandez AF, Cohen LW, Cruz H, Haynes K, et al. PCORnet® 2020: current state, accomplishments, and future directions. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;129: 60–67. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.09.036 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Hripcsak G, Duke JD, Shah NH, Reich CG, Huser V, Schuemie MJ, et al. Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI): Opportunities for Observational Researchers. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2015;216: 574–578. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26262116 - PMC - PubMed
1. Sena A, Kostka K, Schuemie M, jdposada. ohdsi-studies/Covid19CharacterizationCharybdis: Charybdis v1.1.1 - Publication Package. 2020. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4033034 - DOI
1. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. [cited 23 Jan 2021]. Available: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-genera...

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This is a preprint.

Unraveling COVID-19: a large-scale characterization of 4.5 million COVID-19 cases using CHARYBDIS

Affiliations

Unraveling COVID-19: a large-scale characterization of 4.5 million COVID-19 cases using CHARYBDIS

Authors

Affiliations

Update in

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

Grants and funding

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Full Text Sources

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Miscellaneous