Ambient-Air-Stable Lead-Free CsSnI3 Solar Cells with Greater than 7.5% Efficiency

Abstract

Black orthorhombic (B-γ) CsSnI₃ with reduced biotoxicity and environmental impact and excellent optoelectronic properties is being considered as a promising eco-friendly candidate for high-performing perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A major challenge in a large-scale implementation of CsSnI₃ PSCs includes the rapid transformation of Sn²⁺ to Sn⁴⁺ (within a few minutes) under an ambient-air condition. Here, we demonstrate that ambient-air stable B-γ CsSnI₃ PSCs can be fabricated by incorporating N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBAA) into the perovskite layer and by using poly(3-hexylthiophene) as the hole transporting material. The lone electron pairs of -NH and -CO units of MBAA are designed to form coordination bonding with Sn²⁺ in the B-γ CsSnI₃, resulting in a reduced defect (Sn⁴⁺) density and better stability under multiple conditions for the perovskite light absorber. After a modification, the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.50% is documented under an ambient-air condition for the unencapsulated CsSnI₃-MBAA PSC. Furthermore, the MBAA-modified devices sustain 60.2%, 76.5%, and 58.4% of their initial PCEs after 1440 h of storage in an inert condition, after 120 h of storage in an ambient-air condition, and after 120 h of 1 Sun continuous illumination, respectively.