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Review
. 2021 Feb 23:8:642440.
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.642440. eCollection 2021.

Closed-Loop Control for Fluid Resuscitation: Recent Advances and Future Challenges

Behnood Gholami  1 , Wassim M Haddad  2 , James M Bailey  3 , William W Muir  4
Affiliations
Review

Closed-Loop Control for Fluid Resuscitation: Recent Advances and Future Challenges

Behnood Gholami et al. Front Vet Sci. .

Abstract

Fluid therapy is extensively used to treat traumatized patients as well as patients during surgery. The fluid therapy process is complex due to interpatient variability in response to therapy as well as other complicating factors such as comorbidities and general anesthesia. These complexities can result in under- or over-resuscitation. Given the complexity of the fluid management process as well as the increased capabilities in hemodynamic monitoring, closed-loop fluid management can reduce the workload of the overworked clinician while ensuring specific constraints on hemodynamic endpoints are met with higher accuracy. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of closed-loop control systems for fluid management and highlight several key steps in transitioning such a technology from bench to the bedside.

Keywords: closed-loop control; fluid management; goal-directed therapy; hemorrhage; hypotension; large-volume resuscitation.

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Conflict of interest statement

BG has stock ownership in Autonomous Healthcare, Inc. BG was one of the inventors on a patent application (assigned to Autonomous Healthcare Inc.) for a clinical decision support and closed-loop fluid resuscitation system and cardiovascular drug administration. WH has stock ownership in Autonomous Healthcare, Inc. JB has stock options and serves as the Chief Medical Officer in Autonomous Healthcare, Inc. The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
General architecture of a closed-loop control system.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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