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. 2021 Aug;239(2):489-497.
doi: 10.1111/joa.13425. Epub 2021 Mar 13.

Constraints associated with captivity alter craniomandibular integration in wild boar

Dimitri Neaux  1   2 , Barbara Blanc  3 , Katia Ortiz  3   4 , Yann Locatelli  3   5 , Renate Schafberg  6 , Anthony Herrel  7 , Vincent Debat  4 , Thomas Cucchi  1
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Constraints associated with captivity alter craniomandibular integration in wild boar

Dimitri Neaux et al. J Anat. 2021 Aug.

Abstract

The domestication process is associated with substantial phenotypic changes through time. However, although morphological integration between biological structures is purported to have a major influence on the evolution of new morphologies, little attention has been paid to the influence of domestication on the magnitude of integration. Here, we assessed the influence of constraints associated with captivity, considered as one of the crucial first steps in the domestication process, on the integration of cranial and mandibular structures. We investigated the craniomandibular integration in Western European Sus scrofa using three-dimensional (3D) landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Our results suggest that captivity is associated with a lower level of integration between the cranium and the mandible. Plastic responses to captivity can thus affect the magnitude of integration of key functional structures. These findings underline the critical need to develop integration studies in the context of animal domestication to better understand the processes accountable for the set-up of domestic phenotypes through time.

Keywords: cranium; domestication; geometric morphometrics; modularity; morphological integration; skull.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
(a) A high integration level channels morphological variation, reducing the range of potential phenotypic diversity. A low integration level minimises constraints on morphological variation, increasing the extent of potential phenotypic diversity. (b) Modularity exists if integration is concentrated within certain parts of a structure (the modules) but is relatively weak between these modules. Modularity therefore means that integration in a structure is compartmentalised, with strong integration within modules and weak integration between modules. Modified after Klingenberg (2008, 2010)
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
(a) First pair of partial least squares analysis axes (PLS1) between cranial and mandibular shape for all specimens. (b) Heatmap of the intensity of shape covariation on PLS 1; blue indicates a low intensity of covariation and red indicates a high intensity of covariation
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Heatmap of the shape covariation intensity of partial least squares analysis axes (PLS 1) for (a) the enclosure – captive’ group and (b) the ‘wild‐caught’ group. Blue indicates a low intensity of covariation and red indicates a high intensity of covariation
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