Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2021 Feb 24:12:621311.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621311. eCollection 2021.

Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps

Edgar Ramos-Martínez  1 , Leticia Hernández-González  2 , Iván Ramos-Martínez  3 , Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral  4 , Georgina I López-Cortés  5 , Eduardo Pérez-Campos  2   4 , Gabriel Mayoral Andrade  4 , María Teresa Hernández-Huerta  6 , Marco V José  5
Affiliations
Review

Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps

Edgar Ramos-Martínez et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Extracellular DNA traps (ETs) are evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial mechanisms present in protozoa, plants, and animals. In this review, we compare their similarities in species of different taxa, and put forward the hypothesis that ETs have multiple origins. Our results are consistent with a process of evolutionary convergence in multicellular organisms through the application of a congruency test. Furthermore, we discuss why multicellularity is related to the presence of a mechanism initiating the formation of ETs.

Keywords: evolution; extracellular DNA traps; extracellular neutrophil traps; multicellular organisms; neutrophils.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Phylogenetic relationships of species that form extracellular traps. The phylogenetic tree shows the major groups of eukaryotes (–121). The positions of multicellular organisms and the positions of organisms that form extracellular traps (red) are shown.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Delvaeye M, Conway EM. Coagulation and innate immune responses: can we view them separately? Blood (2009) 114(12):2367–74. 10.1182/blood-2009-05-199208 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bauer G, Gorb SN, Klein MC, Nellesen A, von Tapavicza M, Speck T. Comparative study on plant latex particles and latex coagulation in Ficus benjamina, Campanula glomerata and three Euphorbia species. PloS One (2014) 9(11):e113336. 10.1371/journal.pone.0113336 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, et al. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Kill Bacteria. Science (2004) 303:1532–5. 10.1126/science.1092385 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Reichel M, Muñoz-Caro T, Sanchez Contreras G, Rubio García A, Magdowski G, Gärtner U, et al. Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) PMN and monocytes release extracellular traps to capture the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Dev Comp Immunol (2015) 50(2):106–15. 10.1016/j.dci.2015.02.002 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Yang H, Biermann MH. New insights into Neutrophil extracellular Traps : Mechanisms of Formation and Role in inflammation. Front Immunol (2016) 7:302. 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00302 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources