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. 2021 Mar:17:100248.
doi: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.100248. Epub 2020 Nov 1.

Bone tissue engineering techniques, advances and scaffolds for treatment of bone defects

Matthew Alonzo  1   2 , Fabian Alvarez Primo  1   2 , Shweta Anil Kumar  1   2 , Joel A Mudloff  1   2 , Erick Dominguez  1   3 , Gisel Fregoso  1   4 , Nick Ortiz  1   5 , William M Weiss  6 , Binata Joddar  1   2   7
Affiliations

Bone tissue engineering techniques, advances and scaffolds for treatment of bone defects

Matthew Alonzo et al. Curr Opin Biomed Eng. 2021 Mar.

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) aims to develop strategies to regenerate damaged or diseased bone using a combination of cells, growth factors, and biomaterials. This article highlights recent advances in BTE, with particular emphasis on the role of the biomaterials as scaffolding material to heal bone defects. Studies encompass the utilization of bioceramics, composites, and myriad hydrogels that have been fashioned by injection molding, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting over recent years, with the aim to provide an insight into the progress of BTE along with a commentary on their scope and possibilities to aid future research. The biocompatibility and structural efficacy of some of these biomaterials are also discussed.

Keywords: 3D printing; bone defect; electrospinning; injection molding; orthopedics; tissue engineering.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Statement William Weiss acknowledges he has no financial conflicts of interest, but serves as an editor for Canadian Orthopedic Association Bulletin, is on the editorial board for Arthroscopy: Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery; Bone & Joint 360, and is on the social media board for Arthroscopy Association of North America (AANA). All other authors acknowledge no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1:
Figure 1:
Characterization of Haversian bone-mimicking bioceramic scaffolds by varying the number of Haversian canals (A-C) and their diameters (F-H) (indicated by blue arrows) as seen through micro-CT scans. Samples exhibited varying compressive strength (D, I) and porosity (E,J) for the two cases. Reproduced with permission from [16].
Figure 2 (Top Panel):
Figure 2 (Top Panel):
(A) Representative image of injection molding including porogens. (Bottom Panel): (B-E) Corresponding SEM images of porogen-incorporated PCL thermoplastic scaffolds. Both images are reproduced with permission [19].
Figure 3:
Figure 3:
Schematic representing co-electrospinning and dissolution of unwanted PVP on the desired scaffolds. Figure reproduced with permission from [32].
Figure 4 (Top Panel):
Figure 4 (Top Panel):
Experimental arrangement (A) Surface registration. (B) bone milling. (C) 3D printing. Bone samples pre and post 3D printing process (D) Milled defect sample. (E) Hydrogel infill sample. Both figures are reproduced with permission from [34]. (Bottom Panel): Compressive strength graph of two 3D printed pattern types based on data obtained from mechanical testing at UTEP conducted for reference.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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