Bone tissue engineering techniques, advances and scaffolds for treatment of bone defects

doi:10.1016/j.cobme.2020.100248

. 2021 Mar:17:100248.

doi: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.100248. Epub 2020 Nov 1.

Bone tissue engineering techniques, advances and scaffolds for treatment of bone defects

Matthew Alonzo^{1

2}, Fabian Alvarez Primo^{1

2}, Shweta Anil Kumar^{1

2}, Joel A Mudloff^{1

2}, Erick Dominguez^{1

3}, Gisel Fregoso^{1

4}, Nick Ortiz^{1

5}, William M Weiss⁶, Binata Joddar^{1

2

7}

Affiliations

¹ Inspired Materials & Stem-Cell Based Tissue Engineering Laboratory (IMSTEL), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
² Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, M201 Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
³ Mechanical Engineering Department, Rm. A-126 Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
⁴ Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rm. A-325 Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
⁵ Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
⁶ Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
⁷ Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.

PMID: 33718692
PMCID: PMC7948130
DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.100248

Bone tissue engineering techniques, advances and scaffolds for treatment of bone defects

Matthew Alonzo et al. Curr Opin Biomed Eng. 2021 Mar.

. 2021 Mar:17:100248.

doi: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.100248. Epub 2020 Nov 1.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Inspired Materials & Stem-Cell Based Tissue Engineering Laboratory (IMSTEL), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
² Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering, M201 Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
³ Mechanical Engineering Department, Rm. A-126 Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
⁴ Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rm. A-325 Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
⁵ Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.
⁶ Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
⁷ Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA.

PMID: 33718692
PMCID: PMC7948130
DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.100248

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) aims to develop strategies to regenerate damaged or diseased bone using a combination of cells, growth factors, and biomaterials. This article highlights recent advances in BTE, with particular emphasis on the role of the biomaterials as scaffolding material to heal bone defects. Studies encompass the utilization of bioceramics, composites, and myriad hydrogels that have been fashioned by injection molding, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting over recent years, with the aim to provide an insight into the progress of BTE along with a commentary on their scope and possibilities to aid future research. The biocompatibility and structural efficacy of some of these biomaterials are also discussed.

Keywords: 3D printing; bone defect; electrospinning; injection molding; orthopedics; tissue engineering.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Statement William Weiss acknowledges he has no financial conflicts of interest, but serves as an editor for Canadian Orthopedic Association Bulletin, is on the editorial board for Arthroscopy: Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery; Bone & Joint 360, and is on the social media board for Arthroscopy Association of North America (AANA). All other authors acknowledge no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1:**
Characterization of Haversian bone-mimicking bioceramic scaffolds by varying the number of Haversian canals (A-C) and their diameters (F-H) (indicated by blue arrows) as seen through micro-CT scans. Samples exhibited varying compressive strength (D, I) and porosity (E,J) for the two cases. Reproduced with permission from [16].

**Figure 2 (Top Panel):**
**(A)** Representative image of injection molding including porogens. (**Bottom Panel):** (B-E) Corresponding SEM images of porogen-incorporated PCL thermoplastic scaffolds. Both images are reproduced with permission [19].

**Figure 3:**
Schematic representing co-electrospinning and dissolution of unwanted PVP on the desired scaffolds. Figure reproduced with permission from [32].

**Figure 4 (Top Panel):**
Experimental arrangement (A) Surface registration. (B) bone milling. (C) 3D printing. Bone samples pre and post 3D printing process (D) Milled defect sample. (E) Hydrogel infill sample. Both figures are reproduced with permission from [34]. (**Bottom Panel):** Compressive strength graph of two 3D printed pattern types based on data obtained from mechanical testing at UTEP conducted for reference.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

1. Kargozar Saeid, Milan Peiman Brouki, Baino Francesco, et al., Nanoengineered biomaterials for bone/dental regeneration, in Nanoengineered Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine. 2019, Elsevier. p. 13–38.
1. Qasim Muhammad, Chae Dong Sik, and Lee Nae Yoon, Advancements and frontiers in nano-based 3D and 4D scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. International journal of nanomedicine, 2019. 14: p. 4333. - PMC - PubMed
1. SCHMITZ JOHNP and Hollinger Jeffrey O, The critical size defect as an experimental model for craniomandibulofacial nonunions. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, 1986. 205: p. 299–308. - PubMed
1. KEY J ALBERT, The effect of a local calcium depot on osteogenesis and healing of fractures. JBJS, 1934. 16(1): p. 176–184.
1. McBride J, Clyde M, Banks RE, et al., Healing of segmental bone defects in goat tibia. J Invest Surg, 1993. 6: p. 369.

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[1] Kargozar Saeid, Milan Peiman Brouki, Baino Francesco, et al., Nanoengineered biomaterials for bone/dental regeneration, in Nanoengineered Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine. 2019, Elsevier. p. 13–38.

[2] Kargozar Saeid, Milan Peiman Brouki, Baino Francesco, et al., Nanoengineered biomaterials for bone/dental regeneration, in Nanoengineered Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine. 2019, Elsevier. p. 13–38.

[3] Qasim Muhammad, Chae Dong Sik, and Lee Nae Yoon, Advancements and frontiers in nano-based 3D and 4D scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. International journal of nanomedicine, 2019. 14: p. 4333. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Qasim Muhammad, Chae Dong Sik, and Lee Nae Yoon, Advancements and frontiers in nano-based 3D and 4D scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. International journal of nanomedicine, 2019. 14: p. 4333. - PMC - PubMed

[5] SCHMITZ JOHNP and Hollinger Jeffrey O, The critical size defect as an experimental model for craniomandibulofacial nonunions. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, 1986. 205: p. 299–308. - PubMed

[6] SCHMITZ JOHNP and Hollinger Jeffrey O, The critical size defect as an experimental model for craniomandibulofacial nonunions. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, 1986. 205: p. 299–308. - PubMed

[7] KEY J ALBERT, The effect of a local calcium depot on osteogenesis and healing of fractures. JBJS, 1934. 16(1): p. 176–184.

[8] KEY J ALBERT, The effect of a local calcium depot on osteogenesis and healing of fractures. JBJS, 1934. 16(1): p. 176–184.

[9] McBride J, Clyde M, Banks RE, et al., Healing of segmental bone defects in goat tibia. J Invest Surg, 1993. 6: p. 369.

[10] McBride J, Clyde M, Banks RE, et al., Healing of segmental bone defects in goat tibia. J Invest Surg, 1993. 6: p. 369.

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Bone tissue engineering techniques, advances and scaffolds for treatment of bone defects

Affiliations

Bone tissue engineering techniques, advances and scaffolds for treatment of bone defects

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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References

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