Understanding patients' end-of-life goals of care in the emergency department

Abstract

Background: Emergency departments (ED) are frequently the entryway to the health system for older, more ill patients. Because decisions made in the ED often influence escalation of care both in the ED and after admission, it is important for emergency physicians to understand their patients' goals of care.

Study objectives: To determine how well emergency physicians understand their patients' goals of care.

Methods: This was a prospective survey study of a convenience sample of ED patients 65 years and older presenting between February 18 and March 1, 2019 to an academic center with 77,000 annual visits. If a patient did not have decision-making capacity, a surrogate decision-maker was interviewed when possible. Two sets of surveys were designed, one for patients and one for physicians. The patient survey included questions regarding their goals of care and end-of-life care preferences. The physician survey asked physicians to select which goals of care were important to their patients and to identify which was the most important. Patient-physician agreement on patients' most important goal of care was analyzed with Cohen's kappa.

Results: A total of 111 patient participants were invited to complete the survey, of whom 80 (72%) agreed to participate. The patients consisted of 43 women and 37 men with an age range from 65 to 98 years. Additionally, 16 attending and 14 resident physicians participated in the study for a total of 49 attending responses and 41 resident responses. A total of 88% of patients believed it was either very important or important to discuss goals of care with their physicians. Both patients and physicians most frequently chose "Improve or maintain function, quality of life, or independence" as the most important goal; however, there was wide variation in patient responses. Patients and attending physicians selected the same most important goal of care in 20% of cases (kappa 0.03) and patients and resident physicians selected the same goal in 27% of cases (kappa 0.11).

Conclusions: We found poor agreement between patients and physicians in the ED regarding patients' most important goal of care. Additionally, we found that most patients visiting the ED believe it is important to discuss goals of care with their physicians. Future work may focus on interventions to facilitate goals of care discussions in the ED.

Keywords: emergency medicine; end‐of‐life care; ethics; geriatrics; goals of care; palliative medicine.