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Review
. 2021 May 4;17(5):1296-1303.
doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1798697. Epub 2021 Mar 15.

Epidemiology of coronaviruses, genetics, vaccines, and scenario of current pandemic of coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19): a fuzzy set approach

Fazal Mehmood Khan  1   2 , Tauseef Ahmad  3   4 , Muhammad Gulistan  5 , Wathek Chammam  6 , Muhammad Khan  7 , Jin Hui  3   4
Affiliations
Review

Epidemiology of coronaviruses, genetics, vaccines, and scenario of current pandemic of coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19): a fuzzy set approach

Fazal Mehmood Khan et al. Hum Vaccin Immunother. .

Abstract

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are associated with a range of respiratory complications. In the last two decades, three major outbreaks have been reported due to HCoVs including the current pandemic. In December 2019, a newly emerged virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan city, China. This paper presents a detailed review of the literature and discusses the uncertain spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using fuzzy set as classical set theory logic to measure uncertainty and vagueness of COVID-19 in China. Our findings show that both infection and death rate touched the peak (normal fuzzy sets) and have shown a decline. The graphs are not convex, which shows that there remains much uncertainty in the spread of COVID-19. Effective vaccines are clearly needed to control and prevent the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19; China; SARS-CoV-2; fuzzy set approach; vaccines.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Phylogenetic relationship of CoVs. The phylogenetic tree illustrates the relationship among some HCoVs (red) and animal CoVs (blue) as a reference used in the tree, on the basis of complete genome nucleotide sequences. The viruses are grouped and subgrouped as (prototype shown): Alpha-CoV (pink, subgroup;1a,1b), Beta-CoV (light brown, subgroup; 1a,1b,1 c,1d), Gamma-CoV (light blue), and Delta-CoV (green). This tree is reconstructed with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-coding region complete sequences of CoVs (with MEGA 7.2 software for maximum likelihood method). Porcine enteric diarrhea virus (PEDV); infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); SARS- CoV; transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) MERS- CoV; Porcine respiratory CoV ISU-1 (PRCV ISU-1); and Wuhan seafood market pneumonia (Wuhan-Hu-1)
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Transmissions cycle of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Proposed replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Plithogenic representation of COVID-19 cases in China from 01/22/2020 to 03/04/2020
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Number of infected person from COVID-19 in China
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Death rate due to COVID-19 in China
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Different strategies of vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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