Garcinol enriched fraction from the fruit rind of Garcinia indica ameliorates atherosclerotic risk factor in diet induced hyperlipidemic C57BL/6 mice

Abstract

Image 1.

Keywords: Anti-hyperlipidemic; Anti-inflammatory; Atherosclerosis; Camboginol; Kokum; Oxidative-stress.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

(A)LC-MS chromatogram of standard Garcinol. (i) Mass spectra at Rt = 1.987 showing a peak at m/z 603 in positive ionisation mode (ii) Mass spectra at Rt = 1.987 showing a peak at m/z 601 in negative ionisation mode (B) LC-MS chromatogram of GEF (Rt = 1.957).

Fig. 2

Lipid profile of experimental animals, A-Triglycerides, B-HDL cholesterol, C-total cholesterol and D-LDL cholesterol. Each value represent Mean ± S.E.M. #p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^####p < 0.0001 when compared to normal control,*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 when compared to disease control, using two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison.

Fig. 3

Markers predicting the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in experimental animals, A-Atherogenic index, B-Cardiac risk ratio and C- Atherogenic coefficient. Each value represent Mean ± S.E.M. ^ap<0.05, ^bp < 0.01, ^cp < 0.001, ^dp < 0.0001 when compared to normal control, ^ep < 0.0001 when compared to disease control, using two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison.

Fig. 4

Oxido-redox state in the tissues of experimental animals, A-Malondialdehyde concentrations, B-GSH (Reduced Glutathione) concentrations, C-Activity of Catalase and D-Activity of Superoxide dismutase. Each value represent Mean ± S.E.M. ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001 when compared to normal control,*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 when compared to disease control, using one way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison.

Fig. 5

Effect of various treatments on (A) histopathological changes and (B) scores in thoracic aorta of mice using H&E stain (magnification x 400). Each value represent Mean ± S.E.M. ####p < 0.0001 when compared to normal control, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 when compared to disease control, using one way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison.